Cultural and Personality (PDF)

tle : Cultural and personality esented by Dr. Fatma Khalil Learning Objectives By the end of this lecture students will be able to: 1 List element of personality Identify cultural contribution to personality Identify the psychodynamic contribution to personality Mention common elements of psychod...

tle : Cultural and personality esented by Dr. Fatma Khalil Learning Objectives By the end of this lecture students will be able to: 1 List element of personality Identify cultural contribution to personality Identify the psychodynamic contribution to personality Mention common elements of psychodynamic theory List types of personality Discuss sensing versus intuitive personality , thinking versus feeling Personality and perceiving versus judging personalities Describe basic types of defense mechanisms Introduction Personality is shaped by both genetic, environmental and cultural influences among the most important of influences. Culture is transmitted through language and the modeling of behavior when conditions permit humans to communicate through shared language, by living in the same historic period, and when they are sufficiently proximal to influence each other  Understanding Culture Searching the Roots ✓ History ✓ Religion ✓ Tradition ✓ Customs ✓ Values ✓ Beliefs ✓ Art ✓ Literature (Sayings, & Proverbs)  Personality can be understood in terms of a person’s behavior, actions, postures, words, attitudes and opinions. There is a reliable links between socialization practices, personality and between cultures. culture is an important shaper of our personality. As when parents accept their children (there is much hugging, comforting), the children become sociable, emotionally stable, have high self- esteem, feel self-adequate, and have a positive world view.  When parents are rejecting (hitting, using sarcastic language, humiliating, neglecting), their children become adults who are hostile, unresponsive, unstable, immaturely dependent, and have impaired self-esteem and a negative world view.  Personality No single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists. we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give consistency and individuality to a person's behavior.  Personality Personalities an individual’s characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms—hidden or not—behind those patterns. Is a unique entity resulting from the interaction between a person and his environment. Personalities influence our actions and make us who we are. Personality can also be described as an individual's hidden feelings about the external world.  ‫يخرج االشعور فى فلتات اللسان االنفعال‬ ‫االحالم‬ ‫‪ID:‬‬ ‫الهوا كل الغرائز وتمثل الرغبات واحيانا ال يحكمه العقل‬  There are a few other widely known theories on personality development  Theories on personality development There are a few other widely known theories on personality development According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, personality has three elements: 1- Id. This part involves unconscious and instinctual traits and doesn’t depend on experience.  Theories on personality development 2- Ego. This element expresses the id's impulses and develops between birth and the age of three. 3- Superego. This component represents an evolution of the ego. The superego controls impulses and comprises the ideal self and conscience. It emerges between the ages of three and five. ‫يتكون من مجموعه الخبرات التى يتعرض لها‬ ‫الفرد يحاول اشباع الهوا فى اطار مقبول ينسق‬ ‫بين نمو االنا يضعف الهوا ويكبح جماحه نمو‬ ‫االنا يضعف الهوا‬  ‫سوبر ايجو يمثل الضمير يسعى الى دفع الفرد الى‬ ‫الكمال هو اداة نقل االفكار والمعلومات الى الشعور‬ ‫ومن الممكن ان يكون ناقص التكوين مما يؤدى الى‬ ‫خلل فى ضمير الفرد لذلك كل من يخالف الضمير او‬ ‫تعاليم الدين يكون خلل فى السوبر ايجو‬  Factors Influencing Personality Development Personality develops as we age, and can significantly change throughout life and affected by various factors, such as: Family environment. Heredity. Socialization. Culture.  Role of Culture in Shaping Personality The role of culture in shaping personality is significant, as cultural beliefs, values, and practices greatly influence how a person perceives themselves. Thus, it directly forms their concept of self, thus shaping their cultural identity, standards, and roles within their community. Each culture prioritizes specific behaviors and personality traits, resulting in variations in personality.  personality and culture are intertwined, as you can relatively easily presume which traits a person may have depending on their cultural background and vice versa.  Types of personality Four types of personality – Type A: Perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work- obsessed, achievement-oriented, aggressive, stressed Type B: Low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable to change, patient, tendency to procrastinate Type C : Highly conscientious, perfectionist, struggles to reveal emotions (positive and negative) Type D: Worrying, sad, irritable, pessimistic, negative self-talk, avoidance of social situations, lack of self- confidence, fear of rejection, appears gloomy, hopeless  Types of personality There are four main personality types Based on the Myers-Briggs: ISTJ: Introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging. INFP: Introverted, intuitive, feeling, and perceiving. ESTJ: Extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging. ENFJ: Extroverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging Sensing versus intuitive personality  Thinking versus Feeling ❑The main difference between thoughts and feelings is that thoughts are our ideas, perceptions, or opinions about the world around us, whereas feelings are our reactions to emotions or sensations. ❑Thoughts and feelings are two mental associations that are very close to our lives. Both occur in our minds and have a direct impact on our lives. Generally, we tend to use these two words as synonyms, but there is a slight difference between the two words, thoughts and feelings. Personality and perceiving versus judging personalities Judging Types Perceiving Types ❑Do not like leaving unanswered ❑Need freedom from lots questions ❑Planned, ordered, structured of obligations approach ❑ Flexible and spontaneous approach ❑Prefer to follow rules and protocols ❑ Act impulsively following the situation ❑Stable and predictable work style ❑ Often start things without finishing ❑Work towards closure ❑ Work in bursts of energy systematically ❑ Curious and like a fresh look at things ❑ Do not like to change their decisions ❑ Keep options open ❑ Drive for closure  Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms (or coping styles) are automatic psychological processes that protect the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal or external dangers or stressors. The major defense mechanisms ❑Denial ❑Displacement ❑Projection ❑Rationalization ❑Regression ❑Reaction Formation ❑Sublimation ❑Repression  Regression Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. Displacement: person direct strong emotions and frustrations toward a person or object that doesn’t feel threatening.  Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others Rationalization: Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reason  Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels Repression:Suppressing painful memories, and thoughts.  Regression Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development. Displacement: person direct strong emotions and frustrations toward a person or object that doesn’t feel threatening.  Culture Shock Presented by: Dr Sahar Elkheshen Professor of Obestetrics and Gynecological Nursing Outline What is ‘Culture Shock’ The ‘symptoms’ The Stages The Treatment Notes on culture shock Objectives: at the end of the lecture the student will be able to: Define ‘Culture Shock. List symptoms of culture shock. Mention the Stages of culture shock. Identify Treatment of culture shock. Definition I The emotional disorder many people experience when moving from a familiar culture to an unfamiliar one. Definition II Culture shock is the loss of emotional balance, disorientation or confusion that a person feels when moving from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.  Culture shock can be moving and stimulating, but it can also be overwhelming. You may feel sad, anxious, frustrated, and want to go home  Causes Climate, Dress, Food, Language, Rules of Behaviour, Values etc.  Signs & Symptoms Anxiety & Pain Fear & Confusion Anger Insomnia Lost of appetite or excess eating Headaches, pains, and allergies People who can help to overcome the shock  Stages Honeymoon stage Distress stage Re-integration stage Autonomy stage Culture adjustment Opposite Culture Shock  Honeymoon stage You feel excited, stimulated, improved. During this stage, you still feel close to everything familiar back home.  Distress stage You feel confused, isolated or inadequate and realise that your familiar support systems (e.g. family and friends) are not easily available  Re-integration Stage During this stage, you start hurrying about your new home. You dislike the culture, the language, the food. You reject it as inferior. You may even develop some biases towards the new culture. You’re angry, frustrated and even feel aggressive to those around you.  Autonomy Stage This is the first stage in acceptance. You start to accept the differences and feel like you can begin to live with them. You feel more confident and better able to cope with any problems that may arise based on your increasing experience  Important notes It is important to stress that culture shock is only normal, usually not a sign that you have made a mistake or that you won’t manage.  Important notes The culture shock can be a significant learning experience, making you more aware of aspects of your own culture as well as the new culture you have entered. Culture shock will give you valuable skills that will help you in many ways now and in the future.  Stress and Culture Intended learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this lecture the student will be able to Define stress plus culture and stress  Recognize the different kinds of stress and its cuases ion the different types of stressors and signs & symptoms of stress Indicate Factors that influence stress Discuss the different models of stress coping with stress in different culture Apply stress management strategies  S=P>R Stress occurs when the pressure is greater than the resource What Is Stress  Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological pressure. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Stress is the body’s automatic response to any physical or mental stress placed on it. Stress typically describes a negative condition that can have an impact on an organism's mental and physical well-being. (Stressors- Positive or Negative) Adrenaline is a chemical naturally produced in our body as a response to stress. Fight or Flight response is caused. Culture Stress KINDS OF STRESS EUSTRESS- POSITIVE STRESS  DISTRESS- NEGATIVE STRESS 1- Positive stress Motivates, Focuses energy Is short-term Is perceived as within our coping abilities Feels exciting Improves performance 2- negative stress has Causes anxiety or fear Can be short or long-term Is perceived as outside of our coping abilities Feels unpleasant  Decreases performance Can lead to mental and physical problems  Positiv Negativ e e stress stress Sources of Stress The Environment –include weather, noise, crowding, pollution, traffic, unsafe and and wrong. Social Stressors –include, financial problems, job interviews, presentations, differences, Physiological include rapid growth of adolescence, Menopause, illness, aging, and sleep disturbances. Thoughts – Your brain interprets and perceives situations as stressful, difficult, painful Stressors School Work  Family Relationships Legal Finances Health/illness Environment Living Situation  STAGES OF STRESS ALARM RESISTANCE EXHAUSTION STAGE STAGE STAGE Response-based model The person response to stress consists of three stages:  1. Alarm or fight-or flight (a threat is perceived, the body responds physiologically 2. Resistance (coping mechanisms are used to try reestablish balance. 3. Exhaustion (occurs if balance is not achieved) Negative Effects of Stress.Physical  Weight gain/loss eaty palms - Muscle tension shed cheeks xpected hair loss art palpitations h blood pressure ht headedness  2. Emotional od swings iety lead to depression Nervous Irritable Anxious Fearful Can also lead to unhealthy coping strategies (i.e. alcohol, drugs) Behaviors: Avoiding situations where experiencing anxiety might occur Leaving situations when feelings of anxiety begins to occur  Trying to do things perfectly or tryingto control events to prevent danger Thoughts: Overestimation of danger Underestimation of your ability to cope Underestimation of help available Worries  Behavioral Symptoms: Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Isolating yourself from others Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits (nail biting, Pacing) Stress-Influenced Conditions Diabetes Hair loss Heart disease Hyperthyroidism Obesity  Sexual dysfunction Tooth and gum disease Ulcers ABC STRATEGY What causes you stress? How do you react? A= AWARENESS There is a fine line between Positive / negative stress How much can you cope B= BALANCE with before it becomes negative? What can you do to help yourself fight the negative C=CONTROL effects of stress?  Coping The term coping is used to refer to the process by which person attempts to manage stressful demands. Coping Resources Defense Techniques Social Support (material and emotional support) Motivation Problem solving and social skills Knowledge and intelligence Positive beliefs, physical and health and energy  culture Strength Strong ego identity Stress Management Techniques Change your thinking Change your behavior Change your lifestyle  Managing Stress Stress Relief Strategies 1. Body relaxation exercises - breathing techniques - guided imagery 2. Physical exercise -yoga  -workout routine 3. Meditation 4. Counseling -talk therapy -life educati