Reviewer In Uts (1st Sem) PDF

**[REVIEWER IN UTS]** Understanding oneself is essential to understand behaviors and beliefs that affects ourselves and others specifically in becoming effective and successful person in life, work, and relationship. **[Self-understanding: ]** 1. Provide a sense of purpose 2. Leads to healthie...

**[REVIEWER IN UTS]** Understanding oneself is essential to understand behaviors and beliefs that affects ourselves and others specifically in becoming effective and successful person in life, work, and relationship. **[Self-understanding: ]** 1. Provide a sense of purpose 2. Leads to healthier relationships 3. Helps harness your natural strength 4. Promotes confidence **\>** Self and Personality characterized the way we define our existence, also these refers on how we organized our experiences that are reflected to our behavior. **\>** We behave in different ways in a given situation, but people also behave fairly stable in different circumstances. **\>** The relatively permanent pattern of behavior represents personality of the person. **[Personality]** - (Etymological derivative) - **"persona,"** the theatrical masks worn by Romans in Greek and Latin drama. - Personality has no single definition. **\>** (Commonly accepted definition) - It is a relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior. - Plays a key role in affecting how people shape their lives. Involves: **\>** Complex relationship of people with their environment. **\>** how they cope and adjust through life. **\>** how they respond to demands of physical and social challenges. - Is the overall pattern or integration of a persona's structure and many other distinguishable personality traits. **\>** Personality is the conglomeration of: **1.** Physical self. **7.** Personal **2.** Intelligence disciplines **3.** Character traits **8.** Moral values **4.** Attitudes **9.** Principle **5.** Habits **10.** Philosophies of life. **6.** Interests **[Determinants of Personality]** Personality refers to the total person in his/her overt and covert behavior. 1. **Environmental Factors of Personality** -- Surroundings of an individual (neighborhood a person lives in, his school, college, university, and work place). Also counts the social circle the individual has (friends, parents, colleagues, co-workers, and bosses). Everybody plays a role as the determinants of personality. 2. **Biological Factors of Personality** 1). Heredity factors or genetic make-up inherited from parents. **--** This describes the tendency of the person to appear and behave the way their parents do. 2). Physical features include the overall physical structure of a person (height, weight, color, sex, beauty, body language, etc.) **--** Most of the physical structure change from time to time, and so does the personality. **--** With exercises, cosmetics and surgery, physical features are changes, and so the personality of individual also evolves. 3). Brain. ESB research indicates that better understanding of human personality and behavior might come from the study of the brain. 3. **Situational Factors of Personality** -- Situational factors alter a person's behavior and response from time to time (although it does not literally create and shape up an individual's personality) **--** Commonly observed when a person behaves contrastingly and exhibits different traits and characteristics. 4. **Cultural Factors** -- Culture is traditionally considered as the major determinants of an individual's personality (largely determinants of what a person is and what a person will be). Culture is complex of these beliefs, values, and techniques for dealing with the environment which are shared among contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. **[Personality Traits]** Personality traits reflect people's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability. (expected to have that trait in different situations and over time) **Five-Factor Model --** The most widely used system of traits. **--** We can summarize one's personality dimension with a single term. Ex. someone who is sociable, friendly, and gregarious = "Extravert". **--** The Big Five or Five-Factor Model comprises five major traits. **OCEAN --** Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. **\>** Scores on the Big Five traits are mostly independent -- a person's standing on one trait tells very little about their standing on the other traits. (Ex: Extraversion = high; Agreeableness = low.) **\>** Traits are important and interesting because they describe stable patterns of behavior that persist for long periods of time. **[Who Am I? ]** **Self-understanding --** Understanding what your motives are when you act. **Self-concept --** Understanding who you are as a person. **--** Our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics (a mental picture of who you are as a person) **--** "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person." **--** Self-concept is malleable when younger (process of self-discovery.) According to the book "Essential Social Psychology" by Richard Crisp and Rhiannon Turner: **\> Self-concept** is a collection of beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others. It embodies the question "Who am I?". **[Philosophy ]** The study of knowledge or wisdom from its Latin roots. - Philo (love) and Sophia (wisdom). Considered as "The Queen of All Sciences" because every scientific discipline has a philosophical foundation. **[Socrates ]** - A philosopher from Athens, Greece and said to have the greatest influence on European thoughts - He is only known from the writings of his student, Plato who became one of the greatest philosophers of his time. - Socrates had a unique style of asking questions called **Socratic Method --** or dialect method involves the search for the corrector/proper definition of a thing. - In this method, Socrates did not lecture, he instead would ask questions and engage the person in a discussion. - The foundation of Socrates philosophy was the Delphic Oracle's that command to "Know Thyself". - According to Socrates, self is dichotomous which means it composed of two things: **The physical realm** or the one that is changeable, temporal, and imperfect. **The idea realm** is the one that is imperfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal. - For Socrates, a human is composed of body and soul; the first belongs to the physical realm because it changed, and the latter belongs to ideal realm for it survives the death. - Socrates also used the term soul to identify self. - The self (Socrates) is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time. **[Plato]** - A student of Socrates, who introduced the idea of three-part soul/self that is composed of reason (enables human to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths. Plato also called it 'divine essence'), physical appetite (is the basic biological needs of human being such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire), and spirit of passion (the basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy) - These 3 elements of the self, works in every individual inconsistently. - According to Plato, it is always the responsibility of the reason to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious relationship between these 3 elements. - He also illustrated his view of the soul/self in "Phaedrus" in his metaphor: the soul is like a winged chariot drawn by two powerful horses: a white horse -- representing Spirit, and a black horse -- embodying appetite. The charioteer is the reason. **[St. Augustine]** - Considered as the last of the great ancient philosophers whose ideas were greatly platonic. - Augustine has been characterized as Christianity's first theologian. - Like Plato, he believed that the physical body is different from the immortal soul. - Early in his philosophical development, he described body as "snare" or "cage" of the soul and said that the body is a "slave" of the soul. Even characterized that "the soul makes war with the body" **--** Later on: the body as "spouse" of the soul, with both attached to one another by a "natural appetite." **--** He concluded: "The body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire and complete, is a fact we recognize on the evidence of our own nature." - The human nature is composed of two realms: 1. God as the source of all reality and truth. -- through mystical experience, man is capable of knowing external truths. 2. The sinfulness of man. -- the cause of sin or evil is an act of man's freewill. - He also stated that real happiness can only be found in God. [**Rene Descarted** ] - A French philosopher, mathematician, and considered the founder of modern philosophy. - Famous principle: "I think, therefore I exist" ("cogito, ergo sum" -- Latin) established his philosophical views on "true knowledge" and concept of self. - He explained that in order to gain true knowledge, one must doubt everything even own existence. Doubting makes someone aware that they are thinking being thus, they exist **--** The essence of existing as a human identity is the possibility of being aware of our selves: being self-conscious in this way is integral to having a personal identity. - The self is a dynamic entity that engages in mental operations -- thinking, reasoning, and perceiving processes. (self-identity is dependent on awareness to this) - He declared that the essential self or the self as the thinking entity is radically different from the physical body. - He maintained that the soul and the body are independent of one another and each can exist and function without the other. - He identified: **Physical self --** part of nature, governed by the physical laws of the universe, and available to scientific analysis and experimentation. **Conscious self** (mind, soul) **--** part of the spiritual realm, independent of the physical laws of the universe, governed only by the laws of reason and God's will. - The conscious self is able to exercise free will in the choices it makes (because it exist outside the natural world of cause-and-effect). **[John Locke]** - An English philosopher and physician and famous in his concept of "Tabula Rasa" or Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side of human development. - ; The self is consciousness. In his essay entitled On Personal Identity, he discussed the reflective analysis of how an individual may experience the self in everyday living 1. To discover the nature of personal identity, it is important to find out what it means to be a person. 2. A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect. 3. A person is also someone who considers themself to be the same thing in different times and different places. 4. Consciousness as being aware that we are thinking -- always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process. 5. Consciousness makes possible beliefs that we are the same identity in different times and different places. - (Unlike Plato, St. Augustine, and Descartes -- self exist in a single soul or substance) For Locke, personal identity and the soul or substance in which the personal identity is situated are two very different things. - Bottom line of his theory on self: self is not tied to any particular body or substance. It only exist in other times and places because of the memory of those experiences. **[David Hume]** - A Scottish philosopher and also an empiricist. - He assumed that there is no self (controversial). **--** In his essay "On Personal Identity" (1739), he said that if we carefully examine the contents of our experiences, we find that there are only two distinct entities, "impressions" and "ideas" - **Impressions** are basic sensation of our experience (pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, and so on). - **Ideas** are copies of impression that include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions. - As an empiricist, Hume provide an honest description and analysis of his own experience, within which there is no self to be found. - He explained that the self that is being experienced by an individual is nothing but a kind of "fictional self" -- created to unify the mental events and introduce order into an individual lives, but this "self" has no real existence. **[Sigmund Freud ]** - A well-known Australian psychologist and considered as the Father and Founder of Psychoanalysis. - The dualistic view of self by Freud involves conscious self and unconscious self. - **Conscious self** -- governed by reality principle. Here, the self id rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment. Has the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self. - **Unconscious self** -- governed by pleasure principle. The self that is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic, and instinctual. - Freud proposed how mind works, he called this as provinces or structure of the mind. (illustrated the tip of the iceberg -- represents conscious awareness). - The three levels of mind are: 1. **Id** -- Pleasure principle. Demands immediate satisfaction and is not hindered by societal expectations. 2. **Ego** -- Reality principle. This mediates between the impulses of the if and restraints of the superego. 3. **Superego** -- Moral principle (learning right and wrong). Morality of actions is largely dependent on childhood upbringing particularly on rewards and punishments. - ; there are 2 kinds of instincts that drive individual behavior -- **eros** or the life instincts -- called libido and includes urges necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex. **thanatos** or the death instincts. In cases that human behavior is directed towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence. **[Gilbert Ryle]** - A British analytical philosopher. - An important figure in the field of Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language. - ; the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior - **Category mistake** -- when we speak about the self as something independent of the physical body**:** a purely mental entity existing in time but not space. **[Immanuel Kant]** - A German philosopher who made great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. - Widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of modern period. - He maintained that an individual self makes the experience of the world comprehensible because it is responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of sense experience into a meaningful whole. - The self is the product of reason, a regulative principle because the self regulates experience by making unifies experience possible and unlike Hume, Kant's self is not the object of consciousness, but it makes the consciousness understandable and unique. - Transcendental apperception happens when people do not experience self directly, instead as a unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perception. **[Paul and Patricia Churchland]** - An American philosopher interested in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology and perception. - Churchlands' central argument is that the concepts and theoretical vocabulary that people use to think about the selves -- using such terms as beliefs, desire, fear, sensation, pain, joy -- actually misrepresent the reality of minds and selves. - He claims that the self is a product of brain activity. - Neurophilosopy was coined by Patricia Churchland, the modern scientific inquiry looks into the application of neurology to age-old problems in philosophy. - Patricia Churchland claimed that man's brain is responsible for the identity known as self. - Paul Churchland is one of the many philosophers and psychologists that viewed the self from a materialistic point of view. **[Maurice Merleau-Ponty ]** - A French philosopher and phenomenologist. - According to him, the division between the "mind" and the "body" is a product of confused thinking. The self is experienced as a unity in which the mental and physical are seamlessly woven together. - Developed the concept of self-subject and contended the perceptions occur existentially. Thus, the consciousness, the world, and the human body are all interconnected as they mutually perceive the world. - ; the world and the sense of self are emergent phenomena in the ongoing process of man's becoming. - **Phenomenology --** provides a direct description of the human experience which serves to guide man's conscious actions. - **;** Man cannot separate himself from his perception of the world. - Perception is not purely the result of sensations nor it is purely interpretations. Rather consciousness is a process that includes sensing as well as interpreting/reasoning. **Sociology** -- presents the self as a product of modern society. The science that studies the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of human being. **Anthropology** -- The study of humanity. This broad field takes an interdisciplinary approach to looking at human culture, both past and present. [**George Herbert Mead** (and the **social self**)] **\>** An American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist. **\>** He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. **\>** Well-known for his theory of self. **\>** He argued that the self, like the mind is social emergent -- Individual selves are the products of social interaction and not logical or biological in nature. **\> ;** self is something which undergoes development because it is not present instantly at birth (arises in the process of social experiences and activity) **\>** He proposed the **stages of self-formation:** **1. Preparatory Stage** -- At this stage, children's behaviors are primarily based on imitation. **2. The Play Stage** -- Children begin to role play and pretend to be other people. Role-taking in this stage is mentally assuming the process of another person (behavior and response) The play stage is significant in the development of the self. It is at this stage where child widens his perspective and realizes that he is not alone and there are others around him whose presence he has to consider. **3. The Game Stage** -- 8-9 y/o and now does more that just role-take. The child begins to consider several tasks and various types of relationships simultaneously. The child now begins to see not just his own perspective but the others as well. (final stage) the child now has the ability to respond not just to one but several members of his social environment. **Generalized other** the person realizes that people in society have cultural norms, beliefs, and values which are incorporated int each self. **\>** Mead identified the two phases of self: **1.** The phase which reflects the attitude of the generalized other or the "me" and; **2.** The phase that responds to the attitude of generalized other or the "I" **\>** ; "me" is the social self, and the "I" as the "novel reply" of the individual to the generalized other. **\>** Mead's theory sees the self as a perspective that comes out of interactions, and he sees the meanings of symbols, social objects, and the self as emerging from negotiated interaction. **[Georg Simmel ]** **\>** German sociologist, philosopher, and critic. **\>** In contrast to Mead, Simmel proposed that there is something called human nature that is innate to the individual. **\>** Made a distinction between subjective and objective culture. - **Individual or Subjective culture** refers to the ability to embrace, use, and feel culture. - **Objective culture** is made up of elements that become separated from the individual or group's control and identified as separate objects. **\> ;** Interrelated forces in modern society that tend to increase objective culture: 1. **Urbanization** -- The process that moves people from country to city living. 2. **Money** -- Creates a universal value system wherein every commodity can be understood. 3. **Configuration of Social network** -- Gorup affiliations in urban is definitely different from rural settings. **[The four subfields of Anthropology ]** - **Archeology** -- focus on the study of the past and how it may have contributed to the present ways of how people conduct their daily lives. - **Biological Anthropology** -- Focus on how the human body adapts to the different earth environments. - **Linguistic Anthropology** -- Focused on using language as means to discover a group's manner of social interaction and their worldview. - **Cultural Anthropology** -- Focused in knowing what makes one group's manner of living forms an essential part of the member's personal and societal identity. Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people: - **Symbols.** Words, gestures, pictures, or objects that have recognized or accepted meaning in a particular culture. - **Heroes.** Persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in culture. (may be real or fiction) - **Rituals.** Activities participated by a group of people for the fulfillment of desired objectives and are concerned to be socially essential. - **Values.** Considered to be the core of every culture. (the way people act and react to situations) **[Clifford Geertz ]** **\>** Was an Anthropology professor at the University of Chicago. **\>** "The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man." (1966) **\>** Balinese person is extremely concerned not to present anything individual (distinguishing him/her from others) in social life but to enact exclusively a culturally prescribed role or mask. **\>** while people have an inherent ability to act as individuals and make their own choices, in Bali, this individualism is often suppressed to maintain social harmony and cultural norms. **\>** It points to a broader theme in anthropology about how cultural practices shape and sometimes limit personal identity and agency. **Psychology --** A scientific study of mental processes and human behavior. **\>** Self is an essential construct in psychology because it fulfills the goals of the discipline in studying human and the reason for their action. **[The Self as Cognitive Construction]** **Self-concept** -- the cognitive aspect of the self. Defined as self-knowledge, a cognitive structure that includes beliefs about personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as knowledge that individual exists as individuals. **\>** Dr. Bruce A. Bracken in 1992 (psychologist); there are six specific domains that are related to self-concept: 1. The social domain or the ability of the person to interact with others. 2. The competence domain or the ability to meet the basic needs. 3. The affect domain or the awareness of the emotional states. 4. The physical domain or the feelings about looks, health, physical condition, and overall appearance. 5. Academic domain or the success or failure in the school. 6. Family domain or how well one function within the family unit. [**William James** (and the Me-Self and I-Self)] - A well-known figure in Psychology -- founder of functionalism. - Made a clear distinction between ways of approaching the self: **The knower** (the pure or **I-Self**) -- the agent of experience. **The known** (the objective or **Me-Self**) -- have three different but interrelated aspects of empirical self (known today as self-concept): **-** Me viewed as material **-** Me viewed as spiritual **-** Me viewed as social in nature [**Carl Rogers** (real and ideal self)] - Best known as the founder of client-centered therapy. - His therapy aimed to make the person achieve balance between their self-concept (real-self) and ideal self. - **Real self** includes all those aspects of one's identity that are perceived awareness. - **Ideal self** is defined as one's view of self as one wishes to be **[Multiple versus Unified Self]** - Gregg Henriques proposed the **Tripartite Model Consciousness** -- he described that self is consist of three related, but also separable domains: 1. The Experimental Self -- or the theater of consciousness is a domain of self that defined as felt experience of being. **--** It is tightly associated with the memory. 2. The Private Self -- consciousness system or the narrator/interpreter is a portion of self that verbally narrates what is happening and tries to make sense of what is going on. 3. The Public self or Persona -- the domain of self that an individual shows to the public, and this interacts on how others see an individual. [**Donald Winnicott** (true versus false self)] - Was a pediatrician in London who studied Psychoanalysis with Melanie Klein. - **False self** -- an alternative personality used to protect an individual's true identity or one's ability to "hide" the real self. - **True self** -- has a sense of integrity and connected wholeness that is rooted in early infancy **--** Winnicott claimed that true self can be achieved by good parenting that is not necessarily a perfect parenting. [**Albert Bandura** (the self as proactive and agentic)] - Known for his theory of social learning by means of modeling. He is famous for his proposed concept of self-efficacy**.** - -- ; The Social Cognitive Theory asserts that a person is both proactive and agentic, which means that we have the capacity to exercise control over our life. - Self as **proactive** means an individual have control in any situation by making things happen. - **Agentic** is the ability of an individual to pursue their goals in life.