Lesson 5 - Cytology, Cellular and Subcellular structure and function PDF

Cytology, Cellular and Subcellular structure and function BIO 131 Lesson 5 Objectives Basis of life Summarize the characteristics of life. Describe the three basic needs of all living things. What is the smallest unit of a living thing? Explain the difference...

Cytology, Cellular and Subcellular structure and function BIO 131 Lesson 5 Objectives Basis of life Summarize the characteristics of life. Describe the three basic needs of all living things. What is the smallest unit of a living thing? Explain the difference between Unicellular and Multicellular organisms. Cytology Kingdoms of life Domains Types of cells  The Life Science The word biology means, "the science of life", from the Greek bios, life, and logos, word or knowledge. Therefore, Biology is the science of Living Things. The science has been divided into many sub-disciplines: Botany, bacteriology, anatomy, zoology, histology, mycology, embryology, parasitology, genetics, molecular biology, systematics, immunology, microbiology, physiology, cell biology, cytology, ecology and virology. Other branches of science include or are comprised in part of biology studies, including palaeontology, taxonomy, evolution, phycology, helminthology, protozoology, entomology, biochemistry, biophysics, biomathematics, bio engineering, bio climatology and anthropology. What is life? For something to be considered to "have life" as we know it, it must possess the following characteristics. )Living things need to take in energy )Living things regulate and maintain homeostasis )Living things grow and develop )Living things respond to their environment )Living things reproduce and pass their traits onto their offspring )Over time, living things evolve (change slowly) in response to their environment )Living things are made structures called cells and are organized  What do living things need to survive? Basic needs: 1) Energy Where does the energy come from? Plants use Sun directly Animals use sun indirectly Food Need energy for function. Needed to grow, reproduce, move, and to work. Think of what will happen if you stayed for three days without food… 2) Air (what kind ????) Carbon Dioxide (0.04%), Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) - essential for life 3) Water Water is the medium in which living cells and tissue work. Living environment for many plants and animals 4. Space to live and grow 1) With ideal temperature – land or water What happens if any of these requirements are missing? What are living things made of? Cells: smallest unit of a living thing Can be unicellular or multicellular……..what’s the difference? Unicellular: made of a single cell and too small to see Multicellular: made up of many cells, each having a different function What is the difference between the needs and characteristics of a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism? All have the same needs and characteristics Unicellular: one cell carries out all of the activities for life Multicellular: cells are specialized to do different jobs  Eukaryote Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Monera, Protists, Plants, Prokaryote Fungi, Animals New 3 Domain system reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence Prokaryote: Bacteria Prokaryote: Archaebacteria Eukaryotes Protists Plants Fungi Archaebacteria Animals & Bacteria DOMAINS OF LIFE EUBACTERIA VERSUS ARCHAEBACTERIA Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Bacteria Archaebacteria Protist Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Fungi Plant Animal How big is a cell? http://www.cellsalive.com/ howbig.htm 0.1-100 μm in diameter The importance of the microscope Instrument that makes an object appear bigger than it is First came into use in the 1600’s Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek were some of the first to describe cells Hooke named the cell after looking at bark cells (30X) He noticed little compartments, which he named after the little rooms that monks lived in…”Cella” Van Leeuwenhoek described the cell after looking at pond water (300X) He noticed that the water was full of moving living things Cytology Cytology is the Study of Cells Cytology comes from the Greek kytos w/c means “hollow vessels” and logous w/c means to discourse. Cytology- is the science that study the structure and functions of the cell. The cell is: - the smallest structural and functional unit, Composed of water and macromolecules H, C, O, N are most predominant elements - the elementary level of organization of the multicellular organisms. - a self-regulating, self-regenerating and self-governing biological system cell possesses all features of the whole organism, such as metabolism, growth, irritability, movement, and others. Types of cells in human body  Two Types of Cells All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features PROKARYOTIC CELLS Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells: Size: 0.1 to 5.0 μm in diameter small size of prokaryotes allo ws ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly diffuse to other parts of the cell. Have no nucleus or organelles enclosed within membranes. Have circular DNA Species in the domains Archaea and Eubacteria  Important Features of Prokaryotic Cells External Structures Internal Structures Capsule Cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Nucleoid Flagella (chromosome) Pili Ribosomes E.g. Bacteria Overview of a Prokaryotic Cell TEM Prokaryotic Cell EUKARYOTIC CELLS Two Types of Cells Eukaryotic Cells: Have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 μm Have Nucleus and organelles that are surrounded by membranes. Each organelle does a specific cell function Have linear DNA Eukaryota domain (protist, fungi, plants, and animals) Individual protists have only 1 cell, while plants and animals have trillions of cells. Complex creatures like humans have special cells for special functions (e.g. carrying oxygen, digesting food, or making bone). Important Features of Eukaryotic Cells Internal Structures External Structures Cytoplasm Cell wall (plants) Membranous organelles Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Flagella Chloroplasts (plants) Cilia Endoplasmic reticulum (R/S) Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Non-membranous organelles e.g. animal and plant cell Nucleoli Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Centrioles (animal cells)  Major differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Feature Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Cell Size Microscopic 0.1 – 5 μm Microscopic 40μm to 10000 X size of prokaryotes Form Unicellular or Filamentous Unicellular , Filamentous , Multicellular Genetic Material Naked Circular DNA Linear DNA -associated with RNA No Nucleolus Nucleolus found in nucleus No true nucleus Protein synthesis 70S ribosomes 80S ribosomes No endoplasmic recticulum involved Maybe attached to endoplasmic reticulum Organelles Few - non with cell membranes Many - most with cell membrane Cell Walls Rigid (made of polysaccharide + amino acids Found in Green Plants and Fungus + murein) (made of polysaccharide + cellulose (plants) + chitin (fungus)) Flagella Simple and is Extracellular Complex and Intracellular Not surrounded by membrane Surrounded by membrane Respiration Occur in Mesosomes Mitochondria for aerobic respiration Blue-green bacteria - cytoplasmic membrane Photosynthesis No chloroplasts Chloroplast present - with stacked cells (grana) Occur on non-stacking membranes Major differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes  Organelles Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce. “little organs” FUNCTIONS OF ORGANELLES Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane Outer layer of cell Also called Plasmalemma Allows nutrients into the cell and wastes outside of the cell Double layer of lipids (fat) with protein molecules between the layers “Gate into the city” Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm a jelly-like fluid contained in the cell that holds the organelles. Contains ions, water and enzymes.  The Nucleus Membrane bound DNA organelle The control center of the cell Contains the Cell’s DNA- produce instructions for protein synthesis Nucleolus Contain chromosomes Produce ribosomes in the Nuclear Membrane nucleus “Mayor’s office” Mitochondria Outer Membrane is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells Power center of cell Provides the energy the cell needs to move, divide, etc. Inner Membrane “Electric company of the cell” Ribosomes Site where proteins are made Cell parts are made of proteins “Factories of the cell” Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation system of cell Network of membrane-walled tubes that twist through the cytoplasm Rough ER- ribosome's attached Smooth ER- no Ribosomes ribosome's “Roadways of the cell” Smooth(-surfaced) endoplasmic reticulum, SER GOLGI APPARATUS Also known as Golgi Complex, Golgi Body, or simply the Golgi. It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898. Stacks of disk shaped membranes. Sort Package proteins Process Golgi Complex/Apparatus Packaging house of cell Packages, processes, and ships out the stuff the cell makes “FEDEX of the cell” Golgi apparatus Golgi complex is connected with endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Functions. 1. synthesis of substances, which has begun in endoplasmic reticulum and is accomplished in the Golgi complex. Lysosomes Digests food particles and cell parts “Garbage men” Protects cell by digesting foreign invaders “Police men” PEROXISOMES Contain oxidases (use oxygen to neutralize aggressive compounds known as free radicals). Free radicals can damage cellular proteins, membranes, and DNA if left to accumulate.  Vacuole Stores water, food & Vacuole wastes Vacuole is largest organelle in plant cell Cell Wall Found only in plant cells Protects and supports the cell  Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells Contains chlorophyll (makes plants green) Where photosynthesis takes place CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain their shape and internal organization provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions (e.g. in cell division and movement) Overview of an ANIMAL CELL Overview of a plant cell  Plant or Animal Cell? Found in Plant and Animal cells: Found only in Plant Cells: Nucleus Chloroplasts Golgi Complex Mitochondrion Cell Wall Lyosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Ribosomes Vacuoles Animal vs. Plant No cell wall Has cell wall (made No large permanent of cellulose) vacuole Large, central vacuole surr. by Contains centrioles tonoplast No chloroplasts membrane Everything else Contains similar to plant cells chloroplasts Everything else similar to animal cells Random Facts How many cell does the average human body is composed of? The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! How many cells would it take to cover the area of a dot on a page? It would take as many as 50 cells.