Cells, Tissues and Organs PDF

# Cells - Differ from each other in size, shape, and function. ## Structures of Cells 1. **Cell membrane (plasma membrane)** - Represents the outer layer that covers the cells - Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment - Regulates the transport of materials entering...

# Cells - Differ from each other in size, shape, and function. ## Structures of Cells 1. **Cell membrane (plasma membrane)** - Represents the outer layer that covers the cells - Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment - Regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. 2. **Nucleus** - Controls the activities of the cell - Contains DNA 3. **Cytoplasm (cytosol)** - Surrounds the nucleus. - Holds the organelles inside the cell - Aids in the movement of genetic material and products of cellular respiration. ## Structure of The Cell Membrane - A diagram illustrates the Cell Membrane structure with - Outside of the cell - Carbohydrate chains - Proteins - Phospholipids - Lipid Bilayer - Transport protein - Inside of the cell (cytoplasm) ## Types of Cells in the Body - A diagram illustrates various types of cells in the body, including: - Stem Cells - Bone Cells - Blood Cells - Muscle Cells - Fat Cells - Skin cells - Nerve cells - Endothelial Cells - Sex Cells - Pancreatic Cells - Cancer Cells ## Tissues - Are groups of cells. - Have a similar structure and act together - To perform a specific function. ### Types: 1. **Connective Tissue** - Binds and supports other tissues - Protects the body. 2. **Epithelial Tissue** - Covers body surfaces, inside, and outside 3. **Muscle Tissue** - Moves the body 4. **Nervous Tissue** - Communication (carry messages to and from various parts of the body). ## Four Types of Tissue - A diagram illustrates the four types of tissues, including - Connective Tissue - Epithelial Tissue - Muscle Tissue - Nervous Tissue ## Organs - A group of tissues. - In a living organism, that have been adapted to perform a specific function. - Examples of human body organs: - Heart - Liver - Brain - Kidneys - Stomach ## Body Systems - Groups of organs that work together to perform one of the body's major functions. | The System | The Body parts Included | The Function | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Integumentary System | Skin, Hair, Nail, Sweat gland, Oil gland | Protects the body against invasion by microorganisms, regulates body temperature and water content | | Musculoskeletal System | Muscles, Bone, Cartilage | Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement | | Cardiovascular System | Heart, Blood Vessels | Maintain blood flow to all parts of the body | | Respiratory System | Lungs and Airways | Respiration | | Nervous System | Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves | Regulates most of the body's activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs | | Urinary System | Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra | Filters blood and create urine, eliminates metabolic wastes, maintains acid-base and water-salt balance, helps in blood pressure regulation | | Female Reproductive System | Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovaries, Vagina | Oocytes production | | Male Reproductive System | Testes, Penis, Prostate gland, Epididymis, Vas deference, Seminal Vesicles | Sperms production | | Blood | Blood and all components | Transporting oxygen and nutrients, maintaining PH, defense mechanism, clotting mechanism | | Lymphatic and Immune System | Lymph, Lymphatic Glands, Lymphatic Vessels | Nonspecific defenses of the Immune System. | | Digestive System | Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Anus, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder | Digestion and absorption | | Endocrine System | Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, and adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes | Secretion of hormones for the regulation of body activities | ## Body systems also include the Sensory system: - Eyes, ears, all body parts related to the five senses - Hearing, vision, smelling, tasting, and feeling. ## The Anatomical Position - *The body is upright (erect)*, directly facing the observer. - *The feet are flat and directed forward*, slightly apart. - *The upper limbs are at the body's sides* with the palms facing forward and thumbs point away from the body. ## Directional Terms | Term | Meaning | Example | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Anterior (ventral) | Front, away from the back of the body | The eyes are on the anterior side of the face | | Posterior (dorsal) | Back, towards the back of the body | The spine is on the posterior side of the body | | Superior (cephalic) | Above, towards the head | The chest is superior to the abdomen | | Inferior (caudal) | Below, towards the soles of the feet | The knee is inferior to the hip | | Medial | Middle, towards the middle of the body | The nose is medial to the ears | | Lateral | Side, away from the middle | The ears are lateral to the eyes | | Term | Meaning | Example | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Proximal | Near the trunk or point of attachment | The shoulder is proximal to the elbow | | Distal | Away from the trunk or point of attachment | The fingers are distal to the wrist | | Supine | Lying on the spine with face upward | | | Prone | Lying on the chest and the stomach, with face down | | ## Directional Terms - A diagram illustrates a body with several arrows depicting directional terms, including: - Superior - Right - Left - Midline - Distal - Medial - Proximal - Anterior (ventral) - Posterior (dorsal) - Inferior - Distal - Proximal ## Planes of the Body 1. **The frontal (coronal) plane** - It cuts the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. 2. **The sagittal plane** - This vertical plane. - Cuts the body or organ into unequal left and right sides. 3. **The midsagittal plane** - It divides the body or organ into equal left and right sides. 4. **Transverse or horizontal or axial plane** - It cuts the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves. - A diagram illustrates the human body with three arrows representing different planes, including: - Coronal Plane - Sagittal Plane - Axial Plane ## Body Cavities - Body cavity: a hallow space that contains body organs. - The body has two major cavities: 1. **The dorsal cavity** - Lies in the back of the body, subdivides into: - Cranial cavity - Spinal cavity 2. **The ventral cavity (The frontal body cavity)** - It extends from the neck to the pelvis, subdivides into: - Abdominal cavity - Pelvic cavity (both are called abdominopelvic cavity) - Thoracic cavity ## The Body Cavities | The Body Cavity | Contents | | ----------- | ----------- | | Cranial Cavity | Brain | | Spinal cavity | Spinal Cord | | Thoracic cavity | Pleural cavities - contain the lungs <br> Mediastinum - contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs <br> Pericardial cavity - contains the heart | | Abdominal Cavity | Contains the digestive viscera | | Pelvic Cavity | Contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum | ## Body Cavities - A diagram illustrates the different body cavities, including: - Cranial cavity - Vertebral cavity - Superior mediastinum - Pleural cavity - Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum - Diaphragm - Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) - Abdominopelvic cavity - Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) - Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) - Key: Dorsal body cavity, Ventral body cavity ## Divisions of Abdominal Cavity 1. **Hypochondriac** - Below the ribs - Hypo- (below), -chondriac (ribs), right and left. 2. **Epigastric** - Above the stomach, between the right and left hypochondriac regions. - Epi- (above), -gastric (stomach). 3. **Lumbar** - At the level on either side of the navel (umbilicus), right and left. - 4. **Umbilical** - In the middle, contains the umbilicus. 5. **Hypogastric (suprapubic)** - Below the umbilical region, Hypo- (below), -gastric (stomach). 6. **Inguinal (iliac)** - On either side of the hypogastric region, right and left. - Inguinal means groin. - A second diagram illustrates the human body, divided into nine regions with the name of each region, including: - Right Hypochondriac - Epigastric Region - Left Hypochondriac - Right Lumbar - Umbilical Region - Left Lumbar - Right Iliac - Hypogastric Region - Left Iliac ## Abdominopelvic Quadrants - Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - Left lower quadrant (LLQ) ## Medical Terms and Their Meanings | Term | Meaning | | ----------- | ----------- | | Anter/0 | front | | Dors/o, Poster/o | back | | Super/o | superior, above | | Infer/o | inferior, below | | Proxim/o | proximal, near | | Trans/o | across | | Cerv/o | neck | | Chondr/o | cartilage | | Cyt/o | cell | | Inguin/o | groin | | My/o | muscle | | Myel/o | spinal cord | | Neur/o | nerve, neuron | ## Thank you