quiz.docx

1\. Difference between N.meningitis and N.gonorreha? \- N meningitis has a capsule. \- N. meningitis causes meningitis, transmitted by respiratory droplets. \- N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, transmitted through sexual contact. \- N. meningitis: Often has a polysaccharide capsule, making it a...

1\. Difference between N.meningitis and N.gonorreha? \- N meningitis has a capsule. \- N. meningitis causes meningitis, transmitted by respiratory droplets. \- N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, transmitted through sexual contact. \- N. meningitis: Often has a polysaccharide capsule, making it appear slightly larger and more round. N. gonorrhoeae: Lacks a capsule, appearing smaller and more kidney-bean shaped in pairs. 2\. Patient with HIV aged 32 years presented to hospital with a diarrhea for 1 week, which one is not the cause? \- psittacosis / \- Psittacosis (also known as parrot fever) is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci. It primarily spreads from birds, especially parrots, pigeons, and other avian species, to humans. = Psittacosis primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms like fever, cough, and pneumonia rather than gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea. \- actual causes; infections like parasitic , viral , bacterial that causes ( gastro issues ) , or due to the HIV itself. 3\. Patient admitted to ER with Fever chills, and he has a history of Traveling to us, He eat rabbit meat containing francisella. what is most probably disease? \- Tularemia \- tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is often associated with handling or consuming infected animals, like rabbits. Symptoms include fever, chills, and may also include swollen lymph nodes, skin ulcers, and pneumonia Note: What is tularemia? known as "rabbit fever," is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Tularemia has been reported in all U.S. 4\. What the Dilution would be if we dilute 1 part of 9g bleach solution in 9 part of D.W for disinfect? \- 1+9 = 10/100 = 0.1% = 1 part bleach + 9part water = 10 part total = 1 part of bleach : 10 total 1:10 dillution = 1/10 \* 100 = 10 % Note: 1:10 dilution (1 part bleach: 9 parts water). 1+9=10 if they ask for percentage 10/100=0.1. 5\. Best instrument using for VWF deficiency assay? \- PFA 100 \- (VWF) is a crucial protein in blood clotting that helps platelets adhere to blood vessel walls and to each other. PFA-100 (Platelet Function Analyzer 100) is commonly used for assessing platelet function, including evaluating von Willebrand Factor (VWF) deficiency. It measures how well platelets adhere and aggregate under high shear conditions, which is crucial for diagnosing VWF disorders. Note: for von Willebrand\'s disease and platelet dysfunction. 6\. Patient has history of significant alloantibody, what is type of x-matching used in This case? \- AHG \- indirect-coombs test or AHG , (Antihuman Globulin) cross-matching, is used to detect and identify alloantibodies in the patient\'s serum that might react with antigens on transfused red blood cells. ( before any donation ) Method: addition of an antihuman globulin reagent to the mixture of recipient's serum and donor red blood cells to detect any sensitization. \- direct coombs = To detect antibodies that are bound to the surface of the recipient's red blood cells, often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia or to investigate transfusion reactions.( mostly after transfusion done ) Method: Add antihuman globulin directly to a sample of the recipient's red blood cells to detect any antibodies that are already attached to the red blood cells. 7\. In which phase That gram positive bacteria show susceptibility to penicillin? \- Exponential phase (called log phase not lag) \- Gram-positive bacteria typically show susceptibility to penicillin during the log (exponential) phase of growth. During this phase, the bacterial cells are actively dividing and synthesizing new cell wall material, making them more vulnerable to the action of penicillin, which targets the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the cell wall Lag Phase: This is the initial phase where bacteria are adapting to their new environment. They are not actively dividing but are metabolically active, synthesizing proteins and preparing for growth. Log Phase (Exponential Phase): During this phase, bacteria divide at a constant and rapid rate, leading to exponential growth. This is when they are most susceptible to antibiotics like penicillin. Stationary Phase: Growth rate slows as nutrients become limited and waste products accumulate. The number of viable cells remains relatively constant as the rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death. Death Phase 8\. Patient has total bilirubin 20mg/dl, Direct Bilirubin 0.2 mg/dl, This finding is consistent with? \- Criglar Nijar Syndrom. If Total bilirubin 4.1, direct bilirubin 1.8, black liver? Dubin Johnsen Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: Type: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Cause: Genetic defect in the liver\'s ability to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile. Bilirubin Levels: Elevated direct (conjugated) bilirubin. Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic, may have darkly pigmented liver. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: Type: Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Cause: Deficiency of the enzyme UGT1A1 (bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase). Bilirubin Levels: Elevated indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin. Symptoms: Type I is severe and requires treatment; Type II is milder. Normal ranges : Total : 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (1.7 to 20.5 µmol/L) Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL (0 to 5.1 µmol/L) Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin: 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dL (3.4 to 13.6 µmol/L) 9\. Sodium bicarbonate solution made by dissolving 5mg in 50 mL D.w what is concentration? \- 10% Conc = solute / solution 5/50 = 0.1 mg/ml 5 mg = 0.005 g (0.005/50 ) \* 100 = 0.01% Note: Molarity = number of mole/volume of solution (L) 10\. Electrophoresis pattern? Photo if The A pattern is Normal pattern what is B, C? \- Sickle cell disease , Thalassemia trait 11\. child with Brain abscess Coming to hospital Which one of There anaerobic oral flora be Considered? \- Actinomyces \- Actinomyces species are indeed considered part of the anaerobic oral flora and can be associated with brain abscesses. Actinomyces are typically found in the mouth and can cause infections, particularly in cases where there is a breach in the mucosal barrier, such as dental procedures or poor oral hygiene. 12\. 17 years old boy has a delayed puberty Testosterone low, FSH low LH low , what the cause of this case? \- hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (second type) \- secondary\" refers to the issue originating from the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, leading to low levels of gonadotropins (FSH and LH), which subsequently results in low testosterone levels and delayed puberty. Secondary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be due to various causes, such as: Pituitary tumors (e.g., prolactinomas) Genetic conditions affecting pituitary function Chronic illnesses or stress Trauma to the pituitary or hypothalamus 13\. Patient with convulsion, fatigue, Na+ Level 170 mmol osmolality 800 This finding consistent with? \- hypovolemia, hypernatremia Note: Normal osmolality range from 275 to 295 mOsm/kg (275 to 295 mmol/kg). more will cause loses of fluid which will cause hypovolemia, Na+ level between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Osmolality is a measure of how concentrated a solution is, specifically in terms of the number of particles (like salts, sugars, or other substances) dissolved in a liquid. Hypovolemia refers to a decreased blood volume, which can lead to symptoms like fatigue and convulsions due to reduced perfusion and oxygen delivery to the brain. Hypernatremia indicates elevated sodium levels, which, combined with high osmolality, suggests that there is not enough water in the body relative to sodium. 14\. Diabetes insipidus is caused by \- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency Diabetes insipidus can be classified into two main types: Central Diabetes Insipidus: This type is caused by a deficiency of ADH due to damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which can result from factors such as head trauma, tumors, or genetic conditions. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: This type occurs when the kidneys do not respond properly to ADH, even though the hormone is produced adequately. This can be due to genetic factors, certain medications, or chronic kidney disease. In both cases, the lack of ADH (or its effect) leads to the inability to concentrate urine, resulting in excessive urination and thirst. 15\. polio vaccine \- live attenuated \- Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) is a vaccine used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). 1\. Type: It contains live attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains, which stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. 2\. Administration: OPV is administered orally, usually in drops, making it easy to give, especially in mass immunization campaigns. 16\. Verification of Calculated results by LIS must be done \- annually \- Laboratory Information System. It\'s a software system designed to manage and streamline laboratory processes. Regular verification of calculated results is important to ensure the accuracy and reliability of laboratory tests. While annual verification is a common practice, some laboratories may also perform additional verifications 17\. Which of The following is Zoonatic disease? \- Rabies \- Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted from animals to humans. rabies is caused by a virus known as the rabies virus. It belongs to the Lyssavirus genus and is an RNA virus. The virus primarily infects mammals, and it is most commonly transmitted through the saliva of infected animals via bites. Once inside the body, the rabies virus travels along nerve pathways to the brain, where it causes severe neurological symptoms. 18\. Which of the following can be identified by Gram stains? \- Clostridium and Bacillus \- both Clostridium and Bacillus can be identified by Gram staining. , both are gram + , Gram staining is a fundamental method used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure, with Gram-positive bacteria retaining the purple crystal violet stain due to their thick peptidoglycan layer. -some bacteria cannot be identified bec they don't have cell wall , or they have a thick one so other tests like acid fast staining , dark microscopy. 19\. chloroquine is used to treat all of the following except: \- p.falciparum \- It is used to treat other types of malaria, such as: Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae For P. falciparum, alternative treatments such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are typically recommended due to resistance to chloroquine. 20\. which one of the following is cause permanent deferral of blood doner. \- history of unknown jaundice cause , and HIV, and Hepatitis B \- History of unknown cause of jaundice: This raises concerns about potential infectious diseases like viral hepatitis, making it a cause for permanent deferral. HIV: A positive HIV test or a history of HIV infection permanently disqualifies someone from donating blood due to the risk of transmitting the virus. Hepatitis B: A history of Hepatitis B infection or being a carrier of the Hepatitis B virus also results in permanent deferral to prevent transmission. Other conditions or infections, such as Hepatitis C, certain cancers, and some chronic diseases, can also cause permanent deferral. 21\. in splenectomized patients, Reticulocyte mature in? \- liver \- In adult splenectomized patients, while reticulocytes mainly mature in the bone marrow, the liver can have a role in blood cell dynamics. - Fetal Development: The liver is a primary site of blood cell production during fetal life. - Pathological States: In certain conditions, such as after splenectomy or during severe anemia, the liver can increase its hematopoietic activity, though this is not its primary function in adults. - Reticuloendothelial System: The liver is part of the reticuloendothelial system, which can be involved in processing and clearing blood cells and their components. 22\. Gram positive bacteria characterized by? \- Teichoic acids - Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by the presence of teichoic acids in their cell walls. These acids are important components of the Gram-positive cell wall structure - Gram-negative bacteria have a different cell wall structure that lacks teichoic acids 23\. In order to avoid adultered urine in case of drug abuse screening in urine sample, The Technologist must check? \- PH & Specific gravity & Creatinine. - pH: An abnormal pH level can indicate that the urine has been tampered with. Normal urine pH ranges from about 4.5 to 8.0. - Specific Gravity: This measures the concentration of solutes in the urine. Normal specific gravity ranges from 1.005 to 1.030. A low specific gravity may suggest dilution or adulteration. - Creatinine: Checking creatinine levels helps determine if the urine sample is valid. Low creatinine levels may indicate dilution, while very high levels could suggest adulteration. **Note: creatinine , nitrate, glutaraldehyde, bleach, & pyidinium chlorochromate.** 24\. Haemophilus Bacteria for optimum growth needs? \- factor x, v - Haemophilus bacteria, particularly Haemophilus influenzae, require specific growth factors for optimum growth. These include: - Factor X (Hemin): Essential for growth, often provided by blood or hemin supplements. - Factor V (NAD): Another critical growth factor that can be supplied through enriched media, such as chocolate agar. These bacteria are fastidious, meaning they have complex nutrient requirements, **Note: Hemophilus influenzae requires hemin (factor X) and NAD+ (factor V) for growth** 25\. we use morning urine sample for analysis because of? \- more concentrated and possibility to find analyte is higher - they are typically more concentrated than samples taken at other times of the day. This concentration results from overnight hydration and the body\'s metabolic processes, making morning urine more reliable for detecting substances such as: - Hormones: Certain hormone levels, like hCG (for pregnancy tests), are easier to detect in concentrated urine. - Drugs: Concentrated urine can provide clearer results for drug screening. - Glucose and proteins: Elevated levels can be more easily identified in morning samples, helping in diagnosing conditions like diabetes or kidney issues. 26\. Female patient, plt: 170 x 10 9 after taking unfractioned heparin therapy plt: 30 x104 what will be the cause \- heparin induced thrombocytopenia type 2 **Note:** if plt was 200 and decreased to 175 the answer will be (type 1) aya exam. - Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT). - HIT is a serious immune-mediated reaction where the body produces antibodies against heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes, leading to platelet activation and consumption. This results in a decrease in platelet counts and an increased risk of thrombosis despite the low platelet count - Type 1 HIT : decreases mildly (to around 100-150 x 10\^9/L) - Type 2 HIT : drop significantly, often to below 100 x 10\^9/L and sometimes even to \