Medical Quiz Questions PDF

1\. Difference between N.meningitis and N.gonorreha? \- N meningitis has a capsule. \- N. meningitis causes meningitis, transmitted by respiratory droplets. \- N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, transmitted through sexual contact. \- N. meningitis: Often has a polysaccharide capsule, making it a...

1\. Difference between N.meningitis and N.gonorreha? \- N meningitis has a capsule. \- N. meningitis causes meningitis, transmitted by respiratory droplets. \- N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, transmitted through sexual contact. \- N. meningitis: Often has a polysaccharide capsule, making it appear slightly larger and more round. N. gonorrhoeae: Lacks a capsule, appearing smaller and more kidney-bean shaped in pairs. 2\. Patient with HIV aged 32 years presented to hospital with a diarrhea for 1 week, which one is not the cause? \- psittacosis / \- Psittacosis (also known as parrot fever) is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci. It primarily spreads from birds, especially parrots, pigeons, and other avian species, to humans. = Psittacosis primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms like fever, cough, and pneumonia rather than gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea. \- actual causes; infections like parasitic , viral , bacterial that causes ( gastro issues ) , or due to the HIV itself. 3\. Patient admitted to ER with Fever chills, and he has a history of Traveling to us, He eat rabbit meat containing francisella. what is most probably disease? \- Tularemia \- tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is often associated with handling or consuming infected animals, like rabbits. Symptoms include fever, chills, and may also include swollen lymph nodes, skin ulcers, and pneumonia Note: What is tularemia? known as "rabbit fever," is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Tularemia has been reported in all U.S. 4\. What the Dilution would be if we dilute 1 part of 9g bleach solution in 9 part of D.W for disinfect? \- 1+9 = 10/100 = 0.1% = 1 part bleach + 9part water = 10 part total = 1 part of bleach : 10 total 1:10 dillution = 1/10 \* 100 = 10 % Note: 1:10 dilution (1 part bleach: 9 parts water). 1+9=10 if they ask for percentage 10/100=0.1. 5\. Best instrument using for VWF deficiency assay? \- PFA 100 \- (VWF) is a crucial protein in blood clotting that helps platelets adhere to blood vessel walls and to each other. PFA-100 (Platelet Function Analyzer 100) is commonly used for assessing platelet function, including evaluating von Willebrand Factor (VWF) deficiency. It measures how well platelets adhere and aggregate under high shear conditions, which is crucial for diagnosing VWF disorders. Note: for von Willebrand\'s disease and platelet dysfunction. 6\. Patient has history of significant alloantibody, what is type of x-matching used in This case? \- AHG \- indirect-coombs test or AHG , (Antihuman Globulin) cross-matching, is used to detect and identify alloantibodies in the patient\'s serum that might react with antigens on transfused red blood cells. ( before any donation ) Method: addition of an antihuman globulin reagent to the mixture of recipient's serum and donor red blood cells to detect any sensitization. \- direct coombs = To detect antibodies that are bound to the surface of the recipient's red blood cells, often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia or to investigate transfusion reactions.( mostly after transfusion done ) Method: Add antihuman globulin directly to a sample of the recipient's red blood cells to detect any antibodies that are already attached to the red blood cells. 7\. In which phase That gram positive bacteria show susceptibility to penicillin? \- Exponential phase (called log phase not lag) \- Gram-positive bacteria typically show susceptibility to penicillin during the log (exponential) phase of growth. During this phase, the bacterial cells are actively dividing and synthesizing new cell wall material, making them more vulnerable to the action of penicillin, which targets the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the cell wall Lag Phase: This is the initial phase where bacteria are adapting to their new environment. They are not actively dividing but are metabolically active, synthesizing proteins and preparing for growth. Log Phase (Exponential Phase): During this phase, bacteria divide at a constant and rapid rate, leading to exponential growth. This is when they are most susceptible to antibiotics like penicillin. Stationary Phase: Growth rate slows as nutrients become limited and waste products accumulate. The number of viable cells remains relatively constant as the rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death. Death Phase 8\. Patient has total bilirubin 20mg/dl, Direct Bilirubin 0.2 mg/dl, This finding is consistent with? \- Criglar Nijar Syndrom. If Total bilirubin 4.1, direct bilirubin 1.8, black liver? Dubin Johnsen Dubin-Johnson Syndrome: Type: Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Cause: Genetic defect in the liver\'s ability to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile. Bilirubin Levels: Elevated direct (conjugated) bilirubin. Symptoms: Usually asymptomatic, may have darkly pigmented liver. Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: Type: Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Cause: Deficiency of the enzyme UGT1A1 (bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase). Bilirubin Levels: Elevated indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin. Symptoms: Type I is severe and requires treatment; Type II is milder. Normal ranges : Total : 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (1.7 to 20.5 µmol/L) Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin: 0 to 0.3 mg/dL (0 to 5.1 µmol/L) Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin: 0.2 to 0.8 mg/dL (3.4 to 13.6 µmol/L) 9\. Sodium bicarbonate solution made by dissolving 5mg in 50 mL D.w what is concentration? \- 10% Conc = solute / solution 5/50 = 0.1 mg/ml 5 mg = 0.005 g (0.005/50 ) \* 100 = 0.01%