Week 1.pdf

Why Medical Terminology: - Helps health-care professionals effectively and accurately communicate - Mainly based on greek and latin words - Uniform throughout the entire world. Gastroduodenostomy: - Gastr = stomach - duodeno stands for the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine...

Why Medical Terminology: - Helps health-care professionals effectively and accurately communicate - Mainly based on greek and latin words - Uniform throughout the entire world. Gastroduodenostomy: - Gastr = stomach - duodeno stands for the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine; - ostomy means creation of an artificial or surgical opening into Gastroduodenostomy: is a surgical reconstruction procedure by which a new connection between the stomach and the first portion of the small intestine (duodenum) is created Roots and Combining Vowels: - All medical terms have one or more roots - The root provides the meaning of the word Parts of a Word: - The root is the fundamental unit of each medical word. basic meaning of the word the part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added - A suffix is a short word part or series of parts added at the end of a root to modify its meaning. - A prefix is a short word part added before a root to modify its meaning. Elements of a Medical Term: - Root: The core meaning - Prefix: The beginning for some words - Suffix: The ending for some words - Combining Vowel: vowel that joins root to another root or suffix - Combining form: combination of a root and combining vowel Origin of Roots: - Not all roots are complete words. - Most medical roots are derived from: Greek and Latin. - The Greek word kardia, for example, meaning “heart,” gives us the root cardi. - The Latin word pulmo, meaning “lung,” gives us the root pulm Different roots for same meaning: - In a few instances, both the Greek and Latin roots are used. - For kidney - Greek root nephr E.g. nephrology Acute glomerulonephritis  - Latin root ren E.g. renal Pneumo - Root = pneum - Combining vowel = o - Combining form = Pneum/o Different roots for same meaning: Examples: - Abdomen: abdomin/o, celi/o - Breast: mamm/o, mast/o - Chest: thorac/o, steth/o - Cornea: corne/o, kerat/o - Fat: adip/o, lip/o - Ovary: ovari/o, oophor/o - Rectum: rect/o, proct/o - Spinal cord: myel/o, medull/o - Testis: test/o, orchid/o - Tongue: gloss/o, lingu/o - Uterus: uter/o, hyster/o, metr/o - Vagina: colp/o, vagin/o - Vein: ven/o, ven/i, phleb/o - Vertebra: spondyl/o, vertebr/o - Vessel: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o Different meanings of same roots: - Same root may have different meanings in different fields of study. myel means “marrow” and may apply to either the “bone marrow” or the “spinal cord”. scler means “hard” but may also apply to the “white of the eye”. cyst means “a filled sac or pouch” but also refers to the “bladder- urinary bladder/ gall bladder”. - So, we have to consider the context of a word before assigning its meaning. Compound words: - Contain more than one root They contain more than one root. eyeball, bedpan, frostbite, and wheelchair are simple examples. - Cardiovascular: pertaining to the heart and blood vessels - Urogenital: pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems - Lymphocyte: a white blood cell found in the lymphatic system Combining Forms:  - When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a root, a vowel (usually an o) is inserted between the root and the suffix to aid in pronunciation, as seen in the previous example of gastroduodenostomy. - Thus, when the suffix -logy, meaning “study of,” is added to the root neur, meaning “nerve or nervous system,” a combining vowel is added: neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system) - Roots shown with a combining vowel are called combining forms - A vowel usually is not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. the root neur is combined with the suffix -itis, meaning “inflammation of,” in this way: neur + itis = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve) - This rule has some exceptions, particularly when they affect pronunciation or meaning. Word Derivations: - For example, muscle comes from a Latin word that means “mouse” because the movement of a muscle under the skin was thought to resemble the scampering of a mouse. - The coccyx, the tail end of the spine, is named for the cuckoo because it was thought to resemble the cuckoo's bill. Words Ending in x: - When we add a suffix to a word ending in x, the x is changed to g or c. - If there is a consonant before the x, such as yx or nx, the x is changed to g. pharynx (throat) becomes pharyngeal, to mean “pertaining to the throat” coccyx (terminal portion of the spine) becomes coccygeal, to mean “pertaining to the coccyx” - If there is a vowel before the x, such as ax or ix, you change the x to c. thorax (chest) becomes thoracotomy to mean “incision into the chest” cervix (neck) becomes cervical to mean “pertaining to a neck” Suffixes Beginning with rh - When you add a suffix beginning with rh to a root, the r is doubled. hem/o (blood) + -rhage (bursting forth) = hemorrhage (a bursting forth of blood) men/o (menses) + -rhea (flow, discharge) = menorrhea (menstrual flow) Abbreviations: - Like symbols, abbreviations can save time. - An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase, that is typically pronounced as its own word - Some everyday acronyms are ASAP (as soon as possible), ATM (automated teller machine), and a computer's RAM (random access memory). - Acronyms have become popular for saving time and space in naming objects, organizations, and procedures. Key Terms of Chapter: - Acronym [AK-rō-nim]: a word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words and pronounced as a separate word. - Combining form: A word root combined with a vowel to link the root with a suffix. Combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the vowel, as in neur/o. - Compound word: A word that contains more than one root - Prefix [PRĒ-fix]: A word part added before a root to modify its meaning - Root: The fundamental unit of a word - Suffix [SU-fix]: A word part added to the end of a root to modify its meaning Do lecture 1 fill in the blanks and watch video Lecture 2: Suffix If a suffix begins with a consonant it must have a combining vowel - Suffix can have more than one meaning What is a Suffix?: - A suffix is a word ending that modifies a root. - A suffix may indicate that the word is a noun or an adjective and often determines how the definition of the word will begin. - For example, using the root myel/o, meaning “bone marrow,” the adjective ending -oid forms the word myeloid, which means “like or pertaining to bone marrow.” The ending -oma produces myeloma, which is a “tumor of the bone marrow.” Adding another root, gen, which represents genesis or origin, and the adjective ending -ous forms the word myelogenous, meaning “originating in bone marrow.” Types of Suffixes: - Nouns: a person, place or thing For “condition of-” For “medical specialties” - Adjectives: words that modify nouns For “pertaining to”, “like” or “resembling” - Plurals: endings that convert single nouns to multiples From singular to plural terms Noun Suffixes for Medical Specialties: - These are suffixes that convert roots into medical specialties or specialists. The suffix -logy also applies to many fields other than medicine. It contains the root log/o taken from the Greek word logos, which generally means a field of study, as in biology, archeology, terminology, and technology.  - The two endings -iatrics and -iatry contain the root -iatr/o, based on a Greek word for healing and meaning “physician” or “medical treatment.” Adjective Suffixes: - The suffixes discussed here are all adjective endings that mean “pertaining to,” “like,” or “resembling”. - There are no specific rules. - Familiarity comes with practice. - For words ending with the suffix -sis, the first s is changed to a t before adding -ic to form the adjective, as in genetic, pertaining to genesis (origin) psychotic, pertaining to psychosis (a mental disorder) diuretic, pertaining to diuresis (increased urination) Plural Suffixes: - Many medical words have special plural forms based on the ending of the word. - Table on next slide gives some general rules for the formation of plurals along with examples. - Both singular endings -on and -um change to -a for the plural. - You have to learn which singular ending to use for specific words if you have to convert a plural ending in -a to the singular Adjective Suffixes: -ary : pertaining to -ac: pertaining to -ior: pertaining to Noun Suffixes: -iatry: treatment, medical speciality -ician: expert specialist -icle: small, minute -logy: study of -ia : a condition of -ation: a process -itis: inflammation of the… -oma: collection or pulling of -uria: pertaining to urine -Ectomy: to remove something -tripsy: crushing something -Osis: a condition of Cyst (prefix): a pouch filled with fluid Some classifications of suffixes: 1. Diagnostic: diagnosis, procedure or test 2. Surgical: describes surgical procedures 3. Pathological: describes a sign/symptom of disease 4. Descriptive or adjectival: meaning pertaining to 5. Noun: do not fall under any other category Prefixes: - Added directly to the root or the combining form - No use of combining vowel