Week 1 - The Origin of the Universe and the Solar System PDF

Lesson 1.1 Big Bang Theory  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency should be met by the students. Describe the historical development of theories that explain the origin of the universe. Explain the origin of the universe according to the big...

Lesson 1.1 Big Bang Theory  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency should be met by the students. Describe the historical development of theories that explain the origin of the universe. Explain the origin of the universe according to the big bang theory. Identify different proponents that support the big bang theory. Enumerate the negative implications of the big bang theory. What do you think the raisin bread and the universe have in common? Like a freshly made dough, do you think that the universe is capable of expanding? Let’s try to explore the existing ideas on the origin and creation of the universe. Try it! Warm-Up  Learn about It! Big Bang Theory The big bang theory is a cosmological model that explains how the universe began. It suggests that the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago based on the latest calculations. The concept of big bang is not a literal explosion of something that led to the creation of the universe.  Learn about It! Big Bang Theory and the Bread-Raisin Model The bread represents the universe, while raisins are the galaxies. The galaxies, represented by the dots, are not expanding. The raisin-bread model of expanding universe  Learn about It! Distances in relation to other galaxies just increase because of the expanding universe. In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe expands.  Learn about It! “Singularity” The universe started as a “singularity​,” an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. An expanding universe and the concept of singularity  Learn about It! “Singularity” The intense heat resulted in the formation of matter and antimatter particles that were destroyed every time they collided with each other. An expanding universe and the concept of singularity  Learn about It! “Nucleosynthesis” Nucleosynthesis is the formation of elements, such as H and He. Presence of these elements led to the formation of stars and galaxies. Nucleosynthesis of Helium (He)  Learn about It! “Nucleosynthesis” The presence of stars led to the formation of other cosmic bodies, such as planets, comets, and asteroids. Nucleosynthesis of Helium (He)  Learn about It! Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory The expansion of the universe is supported by the observation that galaxies are receding from us. The high amount of light elements, such as H, He, and Li. These elements were formed through the fusion of protons and neutrons immediately after the big bang.  Learn about It! Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory The detection of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is the residue or heat leftover from the big bang Cosmic background still present in space  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître was the first proponent of the theory. He suggested the idea of the expanding universe. Georges H.J. Lemaitre (1894–1966)  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Edwin Powell Hubble established the ​Hubble’s law, which provided an evidence that the universe was not static but expanding. Edwin Powell Hubble (1889 – 1953)  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered that microwaves with wavelengths of about 7 cm were present in space. Arno Penzias (born 1933)  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory These waves were referred to as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Robert Wilson (born 1941)  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory It fails to explain how the universe was created. It just explains how the universe evolves and not where it originated. It also fails to explain how the galaxies formed.  Key Points Big bang theory The big bang theory suggests that the universe started as a “singularity,” an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. Proponents The proponents of the idea of an expanding universe are Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître, Edwin Powell Hubble, Arno Penzias, ​and​ Robert Wilson.  Key Points Hubble’s law Hubble’s law states that the relationship of the velocities of distant objects in the universe is directly proportional to their distance from Earth. Drawback The big bang theory fails to explain how the universe was created. Lesson 1.2 Steady-State Theory and Oscillating Universe Theory  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Explain the origin and the fate of the universe according to steady-state theory and oscillating universe theory. Identify different proponents of the steady-state and oscillating universe theories. Enumerate negative implications of steady-state and oscillating universe theories. At a glance, you know that bigger plastic containers will be heavier to carry. As the plastic container increases in volume, it gets heavier as well. How could this mass, volume, and density relate to a theory of the origin of the solar system called the steady-state theory? Try it! Warm-Up  Learn about It! The Steady-State Theory The steady-state theory is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding. As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity.  Learn about It! Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady state. In the steady-state theory, matter is constantly created as the universe expands.  Learn about It! The universe, according to the Steady-State Theory: has no beginning and has no end. has always been here and will always be present. always looks the same in any time and space. creates new matter as it continuously expands.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Steady-State Theory Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle proposed the steady state theory in 1948.  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Steady-State Theory It is not parallel with the law of conservation of energy and mass. The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation significantly supported the explanations given by the big bang theory and led many scientists to reject the steady-state theory in 1965.  Learn about It! Oscillating Universe Theory Oscillating universe theory, also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity.  Learn about It! The Big Crunch The oscillating universe is a combination of big crunch and big bang. Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses causing Once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, the formation of a singularity. another universe will be born.  Learn about It! The Big Bang Singularity results in a big bang and the birth of a new universe. Once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe will be born.  Learn about It! Proponent of the Oscillating Universe Theory Richard Tolman, a Caltech professor, proposed it. Tolman called the birth of another universe as the big bounce. Richard Tolman  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory The suggestion that the universe would collapse on its own after it reaches its full expansion violates some current laws of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy. The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or heat death.  Key Points The steady-state theory suggests that the universe has always been here and will always be present. It was proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle in 1948.  Key Points The oscillating universe theory discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up, only to expand again once it approaches the point of singularity. Richard Tolman is the proponent of the oscillating universe theory. Lesson 1.3 Nebular Theory and Encounter Theory  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Explain the origin of the solar system according to the nebular and encounter theories. Describe the contributions of the proponents of these theories. Discuss the negative implications of these theories. Lego bricks and Minecraft blocks allow us to build different structures by simply combining together or removing pieces.  Like Lego bricks and Minecraft blocks, some theories that explain the origin of the universe use the same concept of combining and breaking off celestial materials.  How did the combination of cosmic materials and breaking apart of a star form the solar system?  Learn about It! The Nebular Theory According to the nebular theory, the solar system originated from a nebula. It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.  Learn about It! The Nebular Theory A nebula is defined by NASA as giant cloud of gas and dust in space. This interstellar cloud of dust contains hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Dusty discs surrounding nearby young stars  Learn about It! Major Steps in the Formation of the Solar System The formation of the solar system from a nebula occurs in three major steps: (1) cloud collapse, (2) formation of protoplanetary disk, and The Solar System (3) growth of planets.  Learn about It! Step 1: Cloud Collapse Hypothetically, a shockwave from a supernova or the effect of a passing star may cause a cloud collapse. The collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity occurs when gas pressure becomes insufficient to support the mass of the cloud. The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust results to a smaller radius that spins faster.  Learn about It! Collapsing of the cloud makes it spin faster. Cloud Collapse  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk Metals and silicates could exist near the sun because these compounds have higher boiling points. As a result, terrestrial planets were eventually Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, formed containing high Venus, Earth, and Mars; the last one on the right is Ceres, the terrestrial dwarf planet concentration of these compounds.  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk The terrestrial planets could not grow in huge diameter because of the limited reserve of metallic elements in the solar nebula. Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars; the last one on the right is Ceres, the terrestrial dwarf planet  Learn about It! Step 3: Growth of Planets Dust and grains surrounding the sun eventually formed clumps. These clumps then accreted forming planetesimals. Planetesimal is a small celestial body that once collide together. It tend to fuse to form the planets of the solar system.  Learn about It! Step 3: Growth of Planets Growth of planets in the nebular theory.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Nebular Theory Emmanuel Immanuel Pierre-Simon Swedenborg Kant Laplace (1688–1772) (1724–1804) (1749–1827)  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory Particles surrounding Saturn repel each other, which is contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached to each other forming a planet. It does not follow the law of angular momentum because if the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning at a higher rate than the others.  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory It did not consider Uranus and Venus which rotates in a clockwise direction while other planets rotates in a counterclockwise direction.  Learn about It! The Encounter Theory The encounter theory proposes that the planets were formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object, such as another star. Two forms: planetesimal and An artistic visualization tidal theories of the encounter theory  Learn about It! Planetesimal Theory It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star nearly collided with the protosun. The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes the protosun to eject filaments of material which then condensed into planetesimals. This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposed that accretion of minute solid particles created planets and their moons rather than by gaseous or liquid material condensation. Thomas Chrowder Forest Ray Chamberlin Moulton  Learn about It! Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory Forest Ray Moulton provided the mathematical calculations to Chamberlin’s idea. Thomas Chrowder Forest Ray Chamberlin Moulton  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates rather than contract. In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to form the planets in the solar system.  Learn about It! The Tidal Theory It explains that the solar system formed as a result of a near collision between a passing star and the sun. This theory proposes that the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of The lengthy tidal tails of the condensing into planetesimals. colliding antennae galaxies  Learn about It! Proponents of the Tidal Theory The tidal theory was proposed by: ○ James Jeans, an English physicist and astronomer, and ○ Harold Jeffreys, an English mathematician and astronomer in 1918. Sir James Jeans  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material from either star cannot contract. Thus, planets will not form. Stars collision  Key Points Nebular theory proposes that stars originate from interstellar gas and dust called nebula (cloud) and is credited to Swedenborg, Kant, and Laplace. Three major steps in nebular theory include ○ Cloud Collapse: The origin of the planets and sun in the solar system is a huge cloud of molecular gas and dust that collapsed. ○ Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk: Materials from the collapsed cloud fall inward and flatten into a disk. ○ Growth of Planets: Dust and grains surrounding the disk collide and form planetesimals that collect into a planet.  Key Points Encounter theory proposes that the planets formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object. Planetesimal theory is a form of encounter theory that describes Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size proposed by Chamberlin and Moulton. Tidal theory is a form of encounter theory which states the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals proposed by Jeans and Jeffreys.