Week-1-Universe-and-Solar-System.pdf

Earth science QUARTER 1 | WEEK 1 Why do we need to study the origin of the universe? ORIGIN OPTION 1: Someone made the universe. OPTION 2: The universe made itself. OPTION 3: The universe has always been here.  ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE NON-SCIENTIFIC The Kuba people of Centra...

Earth science QUARTER 1 | WEEK 1 Why do we need to study the origin of the universe? ORIGIN OPTION 1: Someone made the universe. OPTION 2: The universe made itself. OPTION 3: The universe has always been here.  ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE NON-SCIENTIFIC The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon. ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE NON-SCIENTIFIC Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively. ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE NON-SCIENTIFIC The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a supreme being created the universe, including man and other living organisms. ` What is the age of the universe? The universe The universe is everything that exist At least 13.82 billion of years old The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light- year = 9.4607 × 10^12 km) There are about 100,000 million galaxies in the universe Two ways to estimate the age of the universe 1. By estimating the age of the oldest stars 2. By measuring the rate of expansion of the universe Big Bang Theory  explain the origin of the 1 universe according to the big bang theory; Objectives identify different At the end proponents and evidences of the 2 that support the big bang lesson, you theory; and should be able to: enumerate the negative 3 implications of the big bang theory.  Learn about It! Big Bang Theory The big bang theory is cosmological model that explains how the universe began. It suggests that the universe started its expansion about 13.8 billion years ago. The concept of big bang as not a literal explosion of something leading to the creation of the universe.  Learn about It! Big Bang Theory and the Bread-Raisin Model The bread represents the universe; while raisins are galaxies. The galaxies, represented by dots, are not expanding. The raisin-bread model of expanding universe  Learn about It! Distances in relation to other galaxies just increases because of the expanding universe. In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe expands.  Learn about It! “Singularity” The universe started as a “​singularity​” - an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole with very high temperature and density. An expanding universe and the concept of singularity.  Learn about It! “Singularity” The intense heat resulted to formation of matter and antimatter particles that were destroyed every time they collided with each other. An expanding universe and the concept of singularity.  Learn about It! “Nucleosynthesis” Nucleosynthesis​ is the formation of elements, such as H and He. Presence of these elements led to the formation of stars and galaxies. Nucelosynthesis of Helium (He)  Learn about It! “Nucleosynthesis” The presence of stars led to the formation of other cosmic bodies such as planets, comets, and asteroids. Nucelosynthesis of Helium (He) ` Four basic forces explain all the interactions observed in the universe Video Origins of the Universe 101 | National Geographic Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdPzOWlLrbE Is the universe expanding? How do we know the universe is expanding? Doppler effect is the change in the wavelength (or frequency) of a wave when there is motion that increases or decreases the distance between the receiver and the source. Redshift occurs when electromagnetic waves shift to longer wavelengths (shift towards the red end of the spectrum when the source of the waves is moving away from the observer). Doppler effect  In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of redshift and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe. Hubble’s conclusion From Hubble’s Law we can calculate a time in the past when universe was a point Big Bang occurred about 13-15 billion years ago Movement Fast toward us Slow toward us Not moving Slow away from us Fast away from us Doppler effect  Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them the physics Nobel Prize in 1978  Learn about It! Evidences that Support the Big Bang Theory The expansion of the universe is supported by the observation that galaxies are receding from us. The high amount of light elements like H, He and Li. These elements were formed through the fusion of protons and neutrons immediately after the Big Bang. The detection of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation which is the residue or heat leftover from the Big Bang.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître was the first proponent of the theory. He suggested the idea of the expanding universe He explained that the universe originated in an explosive act of primeval atom or the ‘Cosmic egg Georges H.J. Lemaitre (1894–1966)  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Edwin Powell Hubble who established the ​Hubble’s law ​which provided an evidence that the universe was not static but expanding. Edwin Powell Hubble (1889 – 1953)  Learn about It! Proponents of the Big Bang Theory Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered that microwaves with wavelengths of about 7 centimeters were present in space. Arno Penzias These waves were referred to Robert Wilson (born 1933) as the cosmic microwave (born 1941) background (CMB) radiation.  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory It failed to explain how the universe was created. It just explains how it evolve and not where it originated. Learn about It! Learn about It! Steady State Theory and Oscillating Universe Theory  explain the origin and the fate of the universe according to 1 steady state theory and Objectives oscillating universe theory; At the end identify different proponents of the 2 of the steady state and lesson, you oscillating universe theory; should be able to: enumerate negative 3 implications of steady state and oscillating universe theory  Learn about It! The Steady State Theory The steady state theory is another view that proposes that the universe has always been expanding. As the universe expands, new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity The rate of the death of stars is equal to the rate of birth of stars.  Learn about It! Despite the continuous expansion, the average density of the universe remains the same; hence, the name steady. state. In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created as the universe expands.  Learn about It! The universe according to the Steady State Theory Has no beginning and has no end. Has always been here and will always be present. Always looks the same in any time and space. Creates new matter as it continuously expands.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Steady State Theory Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle proposed the steady state theory in 1948. Hermann Bondi Thomas Gold Fred Hoyle (1919–2005) (1920–2004) (1915–2001)  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Steady State Theory It is is not parallel with the law of conservation of energy and mass. The discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation significantly supported the explanations given by the big bang theory and led many scientists to reject the steady state theory in 1965.  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Steady State Theory Recent findings rejects the idea that cosmic radiation was a result of a supernova.  Learn about It! Oscillating Universe Theory Oscillating Universe theory, also known as pulsating theory, proposes that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the energy after the big bang has been used up. Then, it will expand again once it approaches the point of singularity.  Learn about It! The Big Crunch The oscillating universe is a combination of big crunch and big bang. Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses causing the formation of a singularity. Once the universe reverses and Singularity result to a big bang and attains the point of singularity, the birth of a new universe. another universe will be born.  Learn about It! Proponent of Oscillating Universe Theory Richard Tolman, a Caltech professor, proposed it. Tolman called the birth of another universe as the big bounce. Richard Tolman  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Oscillating Universe Theory The suggestion that the universe would collapse on its own after it reached its full expansion violates some current laws of physics, such as the postulated existence of dark energy. The currently postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or heat death.  The solar system is located in the Milky Way Galaxy - a huge disc and spiral-shaped aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars and other bodies. This galaxy is about 100 million light years across (1 light year = 9.4607 × 10^12 km) The solar system revolves around the galactic center once in about 240 million years.  The Milky Way is part of the so-called Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is part of the Virgo supercluster of galaxies. Based on the assumption that they are remnants of the materials from which they were formed, radioactive dating of meteorites, suggests that the Earth and solar system are 4.6 billion years old. Large scale features of the solar system Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated at the center (Sun) while angular momentum is held by the outer planets. Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane. All planets revolve around the sun. Large scale features of the solar system The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance from the Sun; the innermost planet moves fastest, the outermost - the slowest; All planets are located at regular intervals from the Sun.  Small scale features of the solar system Most planets rotate prograde INNER PLANETS OUTER PLANETS made of materials with high melting dominance of gases and larger size points such as silicates, iron , and rotate faster nickel have thick atmosphere rotate slower lower densities have thin or no atmosphere fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium higher densities and ices (water, ammonia, methane) lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen, helium, and noble gases How did our solar system form? Nebular Theory  explain the origin of the solar 1 system based on the nebular theory; Objectives describe how planets were At the end 2 formed based on the nebular theory; of the lesson, you identify the proponents of the should be 3 nebular theory; and able to: enumerate the negative 4 implications of the nebular theory.  Learn about It! The Nebular Theory According to the Nebular Theory, the solar system originated from a nebula. It is the widely accepted view about the formation of the solar system some 4.5 billion years ago.  Learn about It! The Nebular Theory A nebula is defined by NASA as giant cloud of gas and dust in space. This interstellar cloud of dust contains hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases. Dusty discs surrounding nearby young stars  Learn about It! Major Steps in the Formation of the Solar System The formation of the solar system from a nebula occurs in three major steps: (1) cloud collapse, (2) formation of protoplanetary disk, and (3) growth of planets. The Solar System  Learn about It! Step 1: Cloud Collapse Hypothetically, a shockwave from a supernova or the effect of a passing star may cause a cloud collapse. The collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity occurs when gas pressure becomes insufficient to support the mass of the cloud. The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust results to a smaller radius which means it will spin faster.  Learn about It! Collapsing of the cloud makes it spin faster. Cloud Collapse  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk Metals and silicates could exist near the sun because these compounds have higher boiling points. As a result, terrestrial planets were eventually formed containing high Terrestrial planets. From left to right: concentration of these Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. compounds.  Learn about It! Step 2: Formation of Protoplanetary Disk The terrestrial planets could not grow in huge diameter because of the limited reserve of metallic elements in the solar nebula. Terrestrial planets. From left to right: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.  Learn about It! Step 3: Growth of Planets Dust and grains surrounding the sun eventually formed clumps. These clumps then accreted forming planetesimals. Planetesimal is a small celestial body that once collide together, it tend to fused to form the planets of the solar system.  Learn about It! Step 3: Growth of Planets Growth of planets in the nebular theory.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Nebular Theory Emanuel Swedenborg Immanuel Kant Pierre-Simon Laplace Emmanuel Immanuel Pierre-Simon Swedenborg Kant Laplace (1688–172) (1724–1804) (1749–1827)  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory Particles surrounding Saturn repel each other which is contrary to the assumption that dust particles will be attached to each other forming a planet. It does not follow the law of angular momentum because if the nebular theory is correct then the sun should be spinning at a higher rate than the others.  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Nebular Theory It did not consider Uranus and Venus, which rotates in a clockwise direction while other planets rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Encounter Theory  explain the origin of the 1 solar system based on the encounter theory; differentiate the Objectives 2 planetesimal theory from At the end the tidal theory; of the identify the proponents of lesson, you should be 3 the planetesimal theory and tidal theory; and able to: enumerate the drawbacks of 4 the planetesimal theory and tidal theory.  Learn about It! The Encounter Theory The Encounter Theory proposes that the planets were formed from the material ejected from the sun during an encounter with another celestial object, such as another star. An artistic visualization of the encounter theory  Learn about It! Planetesimal Theory Planetesimal Theory​, is a form of encounter theory. It proposes that a passing star termed as intruding star nearly collided with the protosun. The massive gravitational pull of the intruding star causes the protosun to eject filaments of material which then condensed into planetesimals. This theory describes how Earth started from a solid mass smaller than its present size.  Learn about It! Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin proposed that accretion of minute solid particles created planets and their moons rather than by gaseous or liquid material condensation. Forest Ray Moulton provided the mathematical calculations to Thomas Chrowder Forest Ray Chamberlin’s idea. Chamberlin Moulton  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Planetesimal Theory Planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands and dissipates rather than contract. In addition, the force from the passing star will pull dust and gases far away from the sun, that they would not be able to form the planets in the solar system.  Learn about It! The Tidal Theory The Tidal Theory explains that the solar system formed as a result of a near collision between a passing star and the sun. This theory proposes that the hot gas from the passing star condensed into planets instead of condensing into planetesimals. The lengthy tidal tails of the colliding antennae galaxies  Learn about It! Proponents of the Tidal Theory The tidal theory was proposed by James Jeans, an English physicist and astronomer, and Harold Jeffreys, an English mathematician and astronomer in 1918. Sir James Jeans  Learn about It! Drawbacks of the Tidal Theory One problem of the tidal theory is that the hot material from either star cannot contract. Thus, planets will not form. Stars Collision Learn about It!  Nobel Prize winner Harold Urey’s compositional studies on meteorites in the 1950s and other scientists’ work on these objects led to the conclusion that meteorite constituents have changed very little since the solar system’s early history and can give clues about their formation. The currently accepted theory on the origin of the solar system relies much on information from meteorites. The Origin of Planet Earth  explain how the Earth was Objectives 1 formed according to the At the end accretion hypothesis; and of the lesson, you differentiate homogenous should be 2 and heterogenous able to: accretion hypothesis.  Learn about it! Accretion Accretion is one of the leading theories for the formation of planet Earth. It is a process that occurs when gravity attracts tiny bits of matter towards an object.  Learn about it! The Steps of Accretion  Accretion forms planetesimals, which form protoplanets. A protoplanet is a planetary embryo that consists of collection of matter, from which a planet is formed.  Learn about it! Homogeneous Accretion It is when Earth accreted from materials of the same composition after condensation.  Learn about it! Heterogeneous Accretion It is when Earth accreted during condensation, forming a differentiated planet as it grew in size.  Learn about it! Homogeneous Accretion Evidences Loopholes It provides a mechanism The hypothesis cannot explain that explains the presence the abundance of elements of volatile elements in the such as osmium, iridium, core. ruthenium, and rhodium in the mantle.  Learn about it! Heterogeneous Accretion Evidences Loopholes It qualitatively Accretion must be very fast (103 to explains the density 104 years for completion). This rate differences among does not coincide with the occurrence terrestrial planets. of large impact craters. Also, the abundances of iron, calcium, titanium, and aluminum do not coincide with what was predicted by the theory. References: De Silva, L. et al. (2016). Earth Science. Commission on Higher Education. Earth and Space Science. (2013). Mesa Public Schools. Manaog, A. et al. (2017). Earth Science. CK-12 Foundation. Oliva, M. D. (2016). Earth Science (STEM Track). Philippines: DIWA Learning Systems. Quipper Utah State Board of Education. (2018). Earth Systems. CK-12 Foundation.