History of Architecture PDF

history of architecture History of Architecture  Islamic The Historical...

history of architecture History of Architecture  Islamic The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Islamic Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers were ready to spread his teachings Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread Islam North into Central Asia Westward to Africa Along trade routes into India Among the Turks and Mongols Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and racial movements Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with annual pilgrimage to Mecca PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN The religion of Islam began in Arabia EARLY CHRISTIAN SOCIETY 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel BYZANTINE Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and Tribal groups ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god “Islam” Public life was reserved for men (women had a GOTHIC Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work) RENAISSANCE Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government 20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military Many of the conquered cities were already centers of ISLAMIC organization tasked with spreading the faith was learning INDIAN Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings established CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all FILIPINO its idols and converted it to Islam Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science  Islamic RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Last of 3 great religions of Middle East Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet Countries already rich in building tradition Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no architectural tradition Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many Personal humility different circumstances Abhorrence of image worship Islam had a profound impact on its architecture: No essential difference in techniques between religious and non-religious buildings Important architectural endeavor is normally expended on buildings having a direct social or community purpose Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors established forms Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture creation) NEAR EAST Centered upon God EGYPTIAN Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards GREEK Mecca ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Koran RENAISSANCE Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah 20TH C MODERN After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy book ISLAMIC Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION INDIAN praise him in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and CHINESE & JAPANESE geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric FILIPINO 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting, interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork, Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay, spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble  Islamic EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE MOSQUE The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread Principal place of worship Building used for Friday prayer Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer Could also be used as a school, place for transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices Masjid - small prayer house PRE-HISTORIC Madrassah - religious college and mosque history of architecture NEAR EAST Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental EGYPTIAN Inward-looking building feature GREEK Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer Fawwara - fountain ROMAN chambers and porches Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca EARLY CHRISTIAN No positive object of attention or adoration Dikka - reading desk BYZANTINE Conceived around an axis towards Mecca Maqsura - screen ROMANESQUE In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements GOTHIC into it, showing the direction of Mecca Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court RENAISSANCE Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca 20TH C MODERN Personalities: ISLAMIC Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer INDIAN Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer CHINESE & JAPANESE Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or FILIPINO spiritual leader of Islam Sufi - holy man  Islamic Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra) 688 to 692 AD Most important Islamic structure Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah (from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven) PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST The Great Mosque, Damascus EGYPTIAN Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD GREEK Stood in a walled temenos ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba 876 to 879 AD 785 AD  Islamic SARAY or SERAI TOMBS Palace with courtyard The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD) Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal PRE-HISTORIC Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it history of architecture NEAR EAST Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing EGYPTIAN colors of the sun GREEK Sits in a well-landscaped garden ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD) Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi palaces 1565 AD  Indian The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture Revival Modern NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Indian ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Indian 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over Mauryan Empire Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all under King Ashoka other kingdoms Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King Ashoka Links: Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC) Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north) Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan) Successive military and economic incursions brought art and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman, Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English RELIGION PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST Hinduism INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN Main religion of India GREEK HISTORY Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion ROMAN Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders EARLY CHRISTIAN Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva BYZANTINE Northwest India Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a ROMANESQUE Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa different body GOTHIC Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and RENAISSANCE Lasted only 800 years traders, laborers and servants, untouchables 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Buddhism Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided ISLAMIC people into castes INDIAN Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his princely CHINESE & JAPANESE life to search for wisdom FILIPINO After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment through a deep thinking process called meditation Overcome human weakness including greed and anger Salvation or nirvana  Indian MANDIRA Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music STAMBHAS or LATHS Monumental pillars standing free without any structural function Circular or octagonal shafts Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Indian STUPAS Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred spot Regarded as symbols of the universe Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning umbrella called a chattri PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK VIHARAS ROMAN Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock EARLY CHRISTIAN Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by BYZANTINE verandah ROMANESQUE Small sleeping cells on the sides GOTHIC In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO CHAITYAS Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end  Chinese The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture Revival Modern NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Indian Chinese & Japanese ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Chinese Chin Kingdom in 1000 BC Shang Kingdom in 206 BC 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became the first emperor of China Ruled with armies and officials Organized huge number of laborers to work for him Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and chariots was buried with the emperor Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced by Han and western Jin dynasties PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST SOCIETY INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN Foreign trade by land and sea GREEK HISTORY Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu ROMAN Writing, calendar and money EARLY CHRISTIAN Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE RELIGION GOTHIC Religious and ethical influences: RENAISSANCE Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL life, family and ancestor worship 20TH C MODERN Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day Buddhism ISLAMIC INDIAN GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring CHINESE & JAPANESE states Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the FILIPINO world 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller and deserts, excellent harbors kingdoms Metals, trees, bamboo, clay  Chinese EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of Erected as memorials to eminent persons religious significance Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii memorial to hold relics Based on the Indian stupa and stambha Trabeated form, in stone or wood Bold projecting roofs Octagonal in plan 1, 3 or 5 openings Odd number of stories, 9 or 13 Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up eaves Slopes inwards to the top PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Chinese TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS The Great Wall of China Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings by Shi Huangdi PRE-HISTORIC Chief feature was the roof history of architecture NEAR EAST Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert EGYPTIAN A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other GREEK Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever ROMAN materials were available in the locality EARLY CHRISTIAN Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets BYZANTINE Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top ROMANESQUE refectories, sleeping cells for priests Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast GOTHIC 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots RENAISSANCE PALACES & HOUSES apart) 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Imperial places and official residences 20TH C MODERN Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples ISLAMIC Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions INDIAN and number of columns CHINESE & JAPANESE emperor - 9 bays FILIPINO prince - 7 mandarin - 5 ordinary citizen - 3  Japanese In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese in 1760 AD The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the outside world until 19th century Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence RELIGION Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism Buddhism GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and south Earthquakes & volcanoes Hilly and forested country Stone, timber, bamboo PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the EARLY CHRISTIAN present emperor BYZANTINE 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler ROMANESQUE Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles, GOTHIC military, people RENAISSANCE More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other 20TH C MODERN In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan ISLAMIC was united and brought to peace INDIAN The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Japanese EXAMPLES PAGODAS TEMPLES Derived from the Chinese pagoda Square plan Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture against earthquake shocks) NEAR EAST Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved EGYPTIAN Shinto temples and Buddhist temples GREEK DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES ROMAN No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic EARLY CHRISTIAN qualities of wood BYZANTINE Unpainted wood without any surface treatment ROMANESQUE GOTHIC Typical 1-storey rectangular plan: RENAISSANCE Vestibule 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Veranda, engawa 20TH C MODERN Living and dining Guest rooms ISLAMIC Featured the torii gateways Recess for flowers and art INDIAN Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine Rooms for host and hostess CHINESE & JAPANESE Derived from the Chinese pai-lou No distinction between living and sleeping apartments FILIPINO Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more horizontal beams, usually curving upward Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ ken Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be (1.8 x 0.9 m) effective  Filipino Route of Magellan’s Voyage In 1519 The Philippines Indians in 4th and 5th century BC Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Spanish Rule: ROMANESQUE HISTORY 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed GOTHIC 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country 20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels Introduced European institution and thought Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of ISLAMIC 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade INDIAN Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system CHINESE & JAPANESE laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764); FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese behavior elaborate animistic religion Spanish colony until 1900's Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo  Filipino ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION Building Capability: Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of Nevertheless showed engineering capability and Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon Continued fighting Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements called the Commonwealth Era big villages along key trade centers near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation December 1941 Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture: Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna Independence in 1946 around it two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2) PRE-HISTORIC Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing minor modifications history of architecture NEAR EAST Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family EGYPTIAN GREEK RELIGION Tropical architecture ROMAN Islam Light EARLY CHRISTIAN Roman Catholicism Open and transparent BYZANTINE Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo ROMANESQUE GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY RENAISSANCE Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented 20TH C MODERN 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the ISLAMIC path of Far East trade INDIAN major earthquake and volcanic belt CHINESE & JAPANESE in the path of typhoons from the Pacific FILIPINO CLIMATE Dry and wet season Typhoons and tropical storms  Filipino EXAMPLES usually with steep thatch roof varies across regional and ethnic lines CAVE DWELLINGS earliest human habitation Cordillera Region Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000 years caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs TREE HOUSES perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above the ground ISNEG prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI LEAN-TOS winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC journey PRE-HISTORIC made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to history of architecture Mindanao & Sulu Region NEAR EAST withstand a strom EGYPTIAN Negritos of Zambales GREEK Agtas of Palanan, Isabela ROMAN BADJAO SAMAL EARLY CHRISTIAN BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT BYZANTINE “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped house, ROMANESQUE from its boxy appearance GOTHIC primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200 RENAISSANCE BC, with the coming of iron tools 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL well- adapted to tropical climate YAKAN MARANAO 20TH C MODERN of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and nipa ISLAMIC INDIAN Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Panay Region CHINESE & JAPANESE protection from the moist ground and flood Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya FILIPINO protection from vermin and other animals enclosed area as sleeping quarters silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal enclosures, or burial ground  Filipino SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR: Zaguan, for caroza Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house Quadra, horse stable Steep, hip roof Bodega, storeroom Post and lintel construction Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR: Economy of materials Stairway Space flowing from one room to next Caida, ante-sala from stairs Light and airy structure Sala, living room Comedor, dining room Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: Cocina, kitchen grandeur and solidity Dispensa, pantry Ornamentation Letrina or Comun, toilet Baño, bath Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses Azotea, open terrace Aljibe, water cistern Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio Entresuelo, vault Balcon, balcony Patio, courtyard PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Filipino SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre Calasiao, Pangasinan biggest church 2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte restored by Juan Nakpil by Fr. Joseph Ruiz sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC by Jose Maria Zaragosa Las Pinas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu by Diego de Herrera Loboc, Bohol biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST San Agustin, Intramuros Manila Cathedral Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo by Bishop Domingo Salazar San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo PRE-HISTORIC by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal GREEK exquisite Spanish Baroque style ROMAN by Fr. Blas dela Madre EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Panay Church ROMANESQUE largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by GOTHIC townspeople RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church 20TH C MODERN restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa ISLAMIC San Agustin Church INDIAN by Fr. Juan Macias CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO San Sebastian one of first steel buildings steel from Belgium by Eiffel  Filipino ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES SCHOOLS Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila 1890 taught maestros de obras Liceo de Manila MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica” MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia” Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura Closed after one year Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925) 1st school of Architecture Adamson University 2nd school of architecture PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST UST College of Architecture (1930) EGYPTIAN 3rd school of architecture GREEK ROMAN ORGANIZATIONS EARLY CHRISTIAN Philippine Architects Society BYZANTINE Philippine Institute of Architects ROMANESQUE League of Philippine Architects GOTHIC Association of Phil. Government Architects RENAISSANCE In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Filipino EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio William Parsons Juan Arellano Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country Alejandro Legardo Antonio Toledo Manila Hotel Carlos Barredo 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in Masonic Temple, Escolta 1975 1st concrete building in Escolta Philippine Normal School Phil. Normal University University of the Philippines Padre Faura National Museum Philippine General Hospital PRE-HISTORIC 1st was the Legislative Building by William Parsons history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building GREEK adjacent to Manila Cathedral ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel BYZANTINE 2nd hotel in Asia ROMANESQUE French Baroque style GOTHIC UST Main Building RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club by Roque Rueno 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL rest and recreation for American soldiers 20TH C MODERN De La Salle College ISLAMIC by Tomas Mapua INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument FILIPINO obelisk Sta. Isabel College Post Office Building by Juan Arellano  Filipino COMMONWEALTH PERIOD Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch. Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch. Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Barreto Fernando Ocampo Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. by Pablo Antonio Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal Arcade, Escolta Quezon Institute By Juan Nakpil Lyric Theater, Escolta Metropolitan Theater By Juan Nakpil by Juan Arellano PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal NEAR EAST by Pablo Antonio EGYPTIAN GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001 ROMAN Art Deco, streamline style EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Ambassador Hotel ROMANESQUE by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman GOTHIC by Cesar Concio RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments, Malate 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL by Pablo Antonio 20TH C MODERN Natividad Building, Escolta ISLAMIC by Andres Luna y San Pedro INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Regina Building, Escolta FILIPINO by Andres Luna y San Pedro The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio  Filipino The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos Viola The Quezon Monument by Federico Ilustre The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center by Gabriel Formoso GOTHIC by Jorge Ramos RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management by Jorge Ramos by Gabriel Formoso  Filipino by Leandro Locsin: The New Istana, Brunei SM Megamall by Antonio Sindiong PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST The Cultural Center of the Philippines EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Robinson’s Galleria by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange history of architecture history of architecture history of architecture history of architecture  Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches QUIZ: 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry 1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas 2. 1. 3. 4. Types of Domes 2. 5. 1. 2. Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. Periods of Renaissance 1. Types of roofs Gateways 2. 1. 1. Egyptian – 3. 2. 2. Greek – 4. 3. 3. Indian – 4. 4. Chinese – 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. history of architecture 5. Japanese – 1. 6. 2. 7. Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. 1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture 5. 1. 2. 6. 7. 2. 3. 8. 3. 9. 4. 10. 5. 11. Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Art Noveau Styles Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France – 1st Phase - 2. Germany – 2nd Phase - 3. Austria – 4. Italy – 5. Spain -  Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches QUIZ: 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault 2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault 1. Pyramids at Giza 2. The Acropolis, Athens 1. St. Peter’s, Rome 2. Seville Cathedral 3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral 4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter’s, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral 5. St. Paul’s, London 5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry 1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas 2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese 3. Corinthian - square 4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys, 5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys 2. Compound Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses 1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross 2. Skylight 2. Greek cross 3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance 1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable 1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip 2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable 3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart 4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. Gambrel history of architecture 5. Japanese – Torii 1. Donato Bramante 6. Butterfly 2. Giuliano da Sangallo 7. Rainbow Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. Fra Giocondo 1. Pyramids have sloping faces; 4. Raphael 5 Points of New Architecture ziggurats have diminishing faces 5. Baldassare Peruzzi 1. Framework structurally independent 2. Pyramids used stone as building 6. Antonio da Sangallo of walls material, ziggurats used mud-bricks 7. Michelangelo 2. Free-standing façade 3. Pyramids have sides facing the 8. Giacomo della Porta 3. Roof garden cardinal points, ziggurats have 9. Domenico Fontana 4. Open planning corners facing the cardinal points 10. Vignola 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or 11. Carlo Maderna columns Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Bernini Hellenic - religious architecture Art Noveau Styles Hellenistic - civic architecture Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France – Le Modern Style 1st Phase - Inigo Jones 2. Germany – Jugendstil 2nd Phase - Christopher Wren 3. Austria – Sezessione 4. Italy – Stile Liberty 5. Spain - Modernismo