7 System Unit PDF

9/27/2024 THE SYSTEM UNIT Prepared by Romeo A. Sebastian 1 Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Describe the six basic types of system units, Discuss how a computer can represent nu...

9/27/2024 THE SYSTEM UNIT Prepared by Romeo A. Sebastian 1 Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Describe the six basic types of system units, Discuss how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters electronically, Describe each of the major system unit components, Discuss microprocessors, including microprocessor chips and specialty processors, Discuss memory including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. 2 2 1  9/27/2024 Introduction Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of microcomputers. Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. Competent end users need to understand the basic principles of how microcomputers are put together. 3 What is System Unit? It also known as the system chassis. It is a container that houses most of the electrical components that make up a computer system. System board or Motherboard Microprocessor Memory Socket Bus lines Expansion slots 4 2  9/27/2024 System Unit Types Desktop System Units - contains electronic components and selected secondary storage Media Center System Units - use powerful desktop system hardware with specialized graphic cards for interfacing with TVs Notebook System Units - contains electronic components, secondary devices, and input devices – often called laptop computers 5 System Unit Types Netbook System Units - like notebooks, but less powerful and less expensive, used for web browsing and email Tablet PC System Units 1. Notebook computer that supports the use of a stylus or pen to input commands and data 2. Slate tablet PC– similar to notebook but monitor is attached to the system unit and does not have an integrated keyboard, uses mobile OS, accepts gesture input, can display movies, mainly designed to display content 6 3  9/27/2024 System Unit Types Handheld Computer System Units 1. Personal digital assistants(PDAs) and smartphones– electronic components, secondary storage, input/output devices 2. Palm computers - contain an entire computer system 7 Electronic Data and Instructions Data and instructions are represented electronically Our voices recognize analog signals  Continuous signals Computers only recognize digital signals  Electrical  On/off state The binary system consists of two digits – 0 and 1  Each 0 or 1 is called a bit – short for binary digit  Bits are combined into groups of eight bits called bytes  Smallest character = bit; eight bits = 1 byte or one character 8 4  9/27/2024 Character Coding Scheme Three basic schemes of coding or Binary coding schemes 1. ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange 2. EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (primarily mainframe and super) 3. Unicode - handles languages with large numbers of characters 9 What is System Board? It is also known as Main board or motherboard. Controls communications Components connect to the system board Data path Traffic monitor 10 5  9/27/2024 System Board Components Sockets  Connection point for chips Chips  Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon  Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit  Mounted on carrier packages 11 System Board Components Slots Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards Bus lines Provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components 12 6  9/27/2024 Microprocessor Central Processing Unit (CPU) Contained on the microprocessor chip Brains of the computer Two Basic Components 1. Control unit Program instructions Directs flow between memory and Arithmetic-Logic Unit Directs flow between CPU and I/O devices 2. Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - Two types of operations 1. Arithmetic operation 2. Logical operation 13 Microprocessor Chips Chip capacities expressed in word size Word  A word is the number of bits that can be accessed at one time by the CPU  32 bit word computer can access 4 bytes at a time  64 bit word computer can access 8 bytes at a time Clock Speed  Processing speed  The number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or instructions in a second 14 7  9/27/2024 Microprocessor Chips Multi-Core Chip - allow a single computer to run two or more operations at the same time Example: A dual-core process could have one core computing a complex Excel spreadsheet while the other is running a multimedia presentation.  Two separate and independent CPUs  Parallel Processing - dividing tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core 15 Specialty processors Coprocessors  Designed to improve specific computing operations  Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Smart cards Plastic or Credit card with an embedded chip. Can store 80 times the information stored on the magnetic strip of a regular credit card Specialty processors are designed to handle special functions. RFID tags Information chips Embedded in merchandise to track their location 16 8  9/27/2024 What is Memory? Holding area for data, instructions, and information Chips connected to the system board RAM Random Access Memory ROM Read Only Memory Flash 17 RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that are currently being accessed Temporarily holds data and programs being processed by the CPU Volatile - when power shuts off, contents of RAM are emptied  Exception - flash RAM can retain data when power disrupted, used in high end portable computers Cache memory – improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speed holding area between the memory and CPU  Area in RAM set aside to store information frequently accessed  Acts as a high-speed, temporary holding area for parts of programs and data Return  Results in faster processing results for the user 18 9  9/27/2024 RAM… Flash memory – can retain data even if the power is disrupted  Most expensive type of RAM  Used for digital telephones, digital video cameras, and portable computers Virtual Memory – large programs are divided into parts and the parts are stored on a secondary device, usually a hard disk. Each part is then read into RAM only when needed 19 ROM Read-only memory (ROM) Information stored by the manufacturer Non-volatile and cannot be changed CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM Contain special instructions Start the computer Access memory Handle keyboard input Return 20 10  9/27/2024 Flash Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM Like RAM, it can be updated Like ROM, it is non-volatile Contains startup information Amount of RAM Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected Return 21 Expansion slots and cards For adding devices Plug and play ExpressCard slots PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) slots Notebooks and handheld devices 22 11  9/27/2024 Expansion cards Advanced graphics cards Sound cards Network interface cards (NIC) Wireless network cards TV tuner cards 23 Bus Lines Also known as a bus Connect parts of the CPU to each other It provides data pathways that connect various system components Bus width Number of bits that can travel at once Two basic categories 1. System buses - connects the CPU to memory on the system board 2. Expansion buses - connects the CPU to other components and to slots on the system board 24 12  9/27/2024 Expansion Buses Connects the CPU to other components on the system board, including expansion slots Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus FireWire – similar to USB but more specialized used primarily to connect audio and video equipment to the system board PCI Express (PCIe) Single dedicated path for each connected device 25 Ports Socket for connecting external devices Ports can connect directly to the system board or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on the system board Three Types 1. Standard Ports 2. Specialized Ports 3. Legacy Ports 26 13  9/27/2024 Standard Ports VGA and DVI Analog and digital monitors USB Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices FireWire High speed Ethernet High speed networking Return 27 Specialized Ports Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format (S/PDIF) Optical audio connections High end audio and home theatre High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) High definition video and audio Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Connect musical instruments Return 28 14  9/27/2024 Legacy Ports Old types of ports mostly replaced by faster, more flexible ports such as USB 1. Serial ports – data transported one bit at a time; mouse, keyboard, modem, etc. 2. Parallel ports – for external devices needing lots of data over short distances, like printers, scanners, external Zip drives 3. Keyboard and mouse 4. IrDA – were used to provide wireless mechanisms for transferring data between devices; for example, transferring data from a handheld to a desktop 5. Game – video game controllers and joysticks Return 29 Cables Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the ports One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port 30 15  9/27/2024 Power Supply Computers require direct current (DC) DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries Desktop computers use power supply units Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters 31 Open Ended Questions 1. Describe the six basic types of system units. What is the difference between a traditional and a slate tablet PC? 2. Discuss electronic data and instructions including numeric representation and character encoding. 3. Describe system boards including sockets, chips, carrier packages, slots, and bus lines. 4. Discuss microprocessors including the two basic components, words, clock speed, multicore chips, and specialty processors. Define computer memory including RAM, cache, DIMM, virtual memory, ROM, and flash memory. 32 16  9/27/2024 Open Ended Questions 5. Define expansion slots and cards and discuss five commonly used expansion cards. What is Plug and Play? What are PCMCIA slots and ExpressCard slots? 6. Describe bus lines including bus width, system bus, expansion bus, and three types of buses. 7. Define ports including standard, specialized, and legacy ports. Give examples of each. 8. Describe power supply including power supply units and AC adapters. 33 References: Baecker, R.M., (2019). Computers and society : modern perspectives. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. Caoili-Tayuan, R.R. (2019). Living in the information technology era. Quezon City : C & E Publishing Inc. Current scenario of information technology in library science. (2019). New Delhi, India : Random Publications. David, L. T. (2006). Empowering Information Professionals: A Training Programme on Information and Communication technology. Module 1. Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies. Teacher's guide. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok. David, L. T. Library as Place: Meeting the Demands and Needs of the Net Generation (Presentation). Giacomo, P. (2012). Information Processing. In book: Paradigms in Theory Construction (pp.341- 363). Place of Publication not specified: Springer-VerlagEditors. Living in the IT Era : Instructional Materials for Students. Manila: PUP, College of Computer and Information Sciences. O'Leary, T. J. (2019). Computing essentials : making IT work for you. New York: McGraw. 34 17  9/27/2024 FIN!  Thank You!!! 35 18