Week_2_4_The_System_Unit_Processing_and_Memory.pdf

ITEC 101 – Introduction to Information Technology 4. THE SYSTEMS UNIT: PROCESSING AND MEMORY Instructor: Monyrath Buntoun (Ms.) 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Understand how data and programs are represented to a computer and be able...

ITEC 101 – Introduction to Information Technology 4. THE SYSTEMS UNIT: PROCESSING AND MEMORY Instructor: Monyrath Buntoun (Ms.) 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Understand how data and programs are represented to a computer and be able to identify a few of the coding systems used to accomplish this. 2. Explain the functions of the hardware components commonly found inside the system unit, such as the CPU, GPU, memory, buses, and expansion cards. 3. Describe how peripheral devices or other hardware can be added to a computer. 4. Understand how a computer’s CPU and memory components process program instructions and data. 5. Name and evaluate several strategies that can be used today for speeding up the operations of a computer. 2 6. List some processing technologies that may be used in future computers. CONTENT I. Data and Program Representation II. Inside the System Unit III. Memory IV. Cooling Components V. Expansion VI. Buses VII. Ports and Connectors VIII. How the CPU Works IX. The System Clock and the Machine Cycle 3 X. Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future 4 DATA AND PROGRAM REPRESENTATION Digital Data Representation  Coding Systems – Used to represent data and programs in a manner understood by the computer (eg. Unicode, ASCII, etc.)  Digital Computers – Can only understand two states, off and on (0 and 1)  Digital Data Representation – The process of representing data in digital form so it can be understood by a computer 5 DIGITAL DATA REPRESENTATION  Bit – The smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0)  1 Byte = 8 bits (the size of a single character)  Byte terminology used to express the size of documents and other files, programs, etc.  Prefixes are often used to express larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB), petabyte (PB), exabyte (EB), zettabyte (ZB), yottabyte (YB). 6 REPRESENTING NUMERICAL DATA Numbering System – A way of representing numbers  Decimal numbering system (base–10) – Uses 10 symbols (0-9)  Binary numbering system (base–2) – Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers In both systems, the position of the digits determines the power to which the base number (such as 10 or 2) is raised Other numbering systems used in computing includes octal (base-8), hexadecimal (base-16), etc. 7 REPRESENTING NUMERICAL DATA 8 BINARY CALCULATION Binary Decimal Converting Binary to Decimal 0 0 0 = 0 x 20 = 0 1 1 1 = 1 x 20 = 1 10 2 10 = (1 x 21 ) + (0 x 20 ) = 2 + 0 = 2 11 3 11 = (1 x 21 ) + (1 x 20 ) = 2 + 1 = 3 100 4 101 5 Formula (starting backward from position 0): 110 6 111 7 0 or 1 x 2 to the power of its position + the same formula 1000 8 again on the next position 1001 9 9 1010 10 EXERCISE Search for the meaning of these: 1. 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100 2. 01000111 01101111 01101111 01100100 00100000 01101101 01101111 01110010 01101110 01101001 01101110 01100111 3. 01010111 01100101 01101100 01100011 01101111 01101101 01100101 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01001001 01010100 01000101 01000011 00110001 00110000 00110001 What tools did you use to get the answer? YOU CANNOT USE CHATGPT, GEMINI OR SIMILAR TOOLS FOR THIS. 10  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What did you got? 11 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. ANSWER 1. Hello World 2. Good morning 3. Welcome to ITEC101 Website used: https://www.rapidtables.com/convert/number/ascii-hex-bin-dec- converter.html Beside binary number (base-2), we also use decimal (base-10), octal (base-8), and hexadecimal (base-16) to represent characters. 12 CODING SYSTEMS FOR TEXT-BASED DATA  ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) – Coding system traditionally used with personal computers  EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) – Developed by IBM, primarily for mainframes 13 CODING SYSTEMS FOR TEXT-BASED DATA  Unicode Newer code (32 bits per character is common) Universal coding standard designed to represent text-based data written in any ancient or modern language Replacing ASCII as the primary text-coding system 14 INTERESTING FACT: BEFORE KHMER UNICODE 15 INTERESTING FACT: KHMER UNICODE  Khmer Unicode – Invented in 2001 by Danh Hong  Available for free on Windows in 2003 Source & further details: https://bitscon.asia/speak ers/2019/danh-hong 16 CODING SYSTEMS FOR OTHER TYPES OF DATA Graphics Data (still images such as photos or drawings)  Bitmapped images Image made of up of a grid of small dots called pixels Monochrome graphic can only be one of two colors – Requires just one bit for color storage Images with more than two colors – Can use 4, 8, or 24 bits to store the color data for each pixel pixel  More bits = more colors 17 CODING SYSTEMS FOR OTHER TYPES OF DATA 18 CODING SYSTEMS FOR OTHER TYPES OF DATA Audio Data  Must be in digital form in order to be stored on or processed by a computer  Often compressed when sent over the Internet MP3 files are 10 times smaller than their uncompressed digital versions Download more quickly and take up less storage space 19 CODING SYSTEMS FOR OTHER TYPES OF DATA Video Data  Displayed using a collection of frames, each frame contains a still image (fps = frame per second)  Amount of data can be substantial, but can be compressed 20 DISCUSSION Search and discuss the following topics: You may discuss how it works 1. Traditional Images (using Film Camera) including: 2. Digital Images (using Digital Camera) - Input, Process, Output 3. Traditional Animation 4. Digital Animation 5. Traditional Audio (Cassette) 6. Digital Audio This discussion will be included as part of Assignment 1. 21 ASSIGNMENT 1 For each group, write a summary of your own part into an essay format. For the traditional group, include a short paragraph of the digital part and vice versa. What to include:  Cover page including title and group members  Content (the essay) – 500 words MAX  References list (Citations) 22 Deadline: Saturday, 13th July 2024 at 11:59PM REPRESENTING SOFTWARE PROGRAMS Machine language  Binary-based language for representing computer programs the computer can execute directly  Early programs were written in machine language  Today’s programs still need to be translated into machine language in order to be understood by the computer 23 INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT System Unit  The main case of a computer  Houses the processing hardware for a computer  Also contains storage devices, the power supply, and cooling fans  Houses processor, memory, interfaces to connect to peripheral devices (printers, etc), and other components  With a desktop computer, usually looks like a rectangular box 24 INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT 25  INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT  The Motherboard, also called System Board – The main circuit board inside the system unit to which all devices must connect. Computer Chip Circuit Board Very small pieces of silicon or A thin board containing other semi-conducting material computer chips and other onto which integrated circuits electronic components. are embedded. GPU has its own circuit board. Eg. Memory Chip, Logic Chip (CPU) 26 The Motherboard INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT  Power Supply Connects to the motherboard to deliver electricity (personal computer) Portable computers use rechargeable battery pack Nonremovable batteries more difficult and expensive to replace  Drive Bays – Rectangular metal racks inside the system unit that house storage devices Hard drive, CD/DVD drive, flash memory card reader Connected to the motherboard with a cable 27 INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT  Processors The CPU (Central Processing Unit) Sequential processing Circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard Does the vast majority of processing for a computer – the brain of the computer Also called a processor; called a microprocessor when talking about personal computers 28 INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT Dual-core CPU – Contains the processing components (cores) of two separate processors on a single CPU Quad-core CPU – Contains four cores Multi-core processors allow computers to work on more than one task at a time Typically different CPUs for desktop computers, portable computers, servers, mobile devices, consumer devices, etc. o Personal computer CPU often made by Intel or AMD o Media tablets and mobile phones use processors 29 made by other companies such as ARM INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT  The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) Parallel processing Takes care of the processing needed to display images (including still images, animations) on the screen Can be located on the motherboard, on a video graphics board, on in the CPU package 30 CPU VS. GPU 31 FUN FACT: GPU IN DEEP LEARNING  Traditionally, GPU are more for graphics heavy tasks like gaming, or 3D animation.  Now, GPU are commonly used in deep learning tasks (for engineering Artificial Intelligence) due to its parallel processing capability, and the efficiency in handling grid-like data.  One of the most popular deep learning architecture is Convolutional Neural Network. 32 MEMORY Memory  Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit (Memory Chip).  Typically includes Random Access Memory (RAM), Registers, Read-Only Memory (ROM), Flash Memory.  In computing Memory refers to the computer’s main memory (RAM) Storage refers to the amount of long-term storage available to a computer 33 MEMORY  Random Access Memory (RAM) Computer’s main memory Consists of chips arranged on a circuit board called a memory module which are plugged into the motherboard Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using Volatile – RAM content lost when the 34 computer is shut off MEMORY  Registers High-speed memory built into the CPU Used to store data and intermediary results during processing (eg. Arithmetic Operations) Fastest type of memory  ROM (Read-Only Memory) Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored Retrieved by the computer when needed 35 Being replaced with flash memory MEMORY  Flash Memory Non-volatile memory chips that can be used for storage Have begun to replace ROM for storing system information Now stores firmware for personal computers and other devices Built into many types of devices (media tablets, mobile phones, and digital cameras) for user storage 36 COOLING COMPONENTS Fans  Fans used on most personal computers to help cool the CPU and system unit  Heat is an ongoing problem for CPU and computer manufacturers Can damage components Cooler chips run faster Heat sinks Heat Sinks  Small components typically made out of aluminum with fins that help to dissipate heat 37 COOLING COMPONENTS Cooling Systems  Liquid cooling systems Cool the computer with liquid-filled tubes  Notebook cooling stand Cools the underside of a notebook computer  Other cooling methods, such as ion pump cooling systems, are under development 38 LIQUID COOLING SYSTEM 39 IMMERSION COOLING  Hardware is actually submerged into units filled with a liquid cooling solution  Used non-conductive liquid  Mostly used for large-scale cooling like servers or data center 40  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which hardware is known as the 'brain' of the computer and performs the majority of processing tasks? 41 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What does the term "volatile" in computer's memory refers to? 42 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Is RAM volatile or non- volatile? 43 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which memory store your software applications or programs? (There are more than one correct answers) 44 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Why are there fans or cooling components inside the computer? 45 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What type of liquids are used for Liquid Cooling and Immersion Cooling? 46 ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. EXPANSION  Expansion Slot – A location on the motherboard into which expansion cards are inserted  Expansion Card A circuit board inserted into an expansion slot Used to add additional functionality or to attach a peripheral device eg. GPU, Sound Card  ExpressCard Modules – Designed to add additional functionality to notebooks (laptops) 47 eg. Network Card BUSES Bus – An electronic path within a computer over which data travels  Located within the CPU and etched onto the motherboard  Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel A wider bus allows more data to be transferred at one time  Bus width and speed determine the throughput or bandwidth of the bus The amount of data that can be transferred by the bus in a given time period 48 BUSES Expansion Bus  Connects the CPU to peripheral (typically input and output) devices Memory Bus  Connects CPU directly to RAM Frontside Bus (FSB)  Connects CPU to the chipset (North Bridge) that connects the CPU to the rest of the bus architecture 49 Img src: https://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard4.htm BUSES PCI and PCI Express (PCIe) Bus  For expansion or expressCard  PCI has been one of the most common types  Today, PCI Express bus, which is extremely fast, has replaced the PCI bus Universal Serial Bus (USB)  Extremely versatile  Allows 127 different devices to connect to a computer via a single USB port 50 FACTS: JUICE JACKING AT THE AIRPORTS/PUBLIC AREAS  Hackers can steal your data or install malwares.  More info: https://cbsaustin.com/news/nat ion-world/juice-jacking-fbi- warns-of-hackers-stealing-data- by-plugging-into-public-usb- chargers-phone-cell-iphone- apple-data-hacking-fbi-fcc- malware-virus Solutions:  Bring your own AC Img source: https://cbsaustin.com/news/nation-world/juice-jacking-fbi-warns-of-hackers-stealing-data- 51  Bring portable charger by-plugging-into-public-usb-chargers-phone-cell-iphone-apple-data-hacking-fbi-fcc-malware-virus PORTS AND CONNECTORS Port  A connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unit to which a device may be attached  Typical desktop computer ports include: Power connector, VGA monitor, Network, USB, Audio, and HDMI  Most computers support the Plug 52 and Play standard PORTS AND CONNECTORS  Portable computers have ports similar to desktop computers, but often not as many  Smartphones and mobile devices have more limited expansion capabilities Usually have a USB port, HDMI port, and/or flash memory card slot Flash memory cards often use the Secure Digital (SD) format MiniSD and microSD cars are smaller than regular SD cards 53 PORTS AND CONNECTORS 54 TREND BOX Tablet Docks  Used to help with tablet productivity  Some are just a stand  Many include a keyboard  Some include ports (USB, monitor, etc.) to connect peripherals  Some contain a battery 55 ACTIVITY Take a look at your laptop. 1. Count how many ports you have 2. Search/Identify what each ports are and their purposes (eg. USB Type-C port for charging phone or transferring music/images from phone) 56 HOW THE CPU WORKS Typical CPU Components:  Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations  Floating Point Unit (FPU) – Performs decimal arithmetic  Control Unit – Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core  Prefetch Unit – Attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays 57 HOW THE CPU WORKS  Decode Unit – Translates instructions from the prefetch unit so they are understood by the control unit, ALU, and FPU  Registers and Internal Cache Memory – Store data and instructions needed by the CPU  Bus Interface Unit – Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components 58 HOW THE CPU WORKS 59 THE SYSTEM CLOCK AND THE MACHINE CYCLE System Clock  Small quartz crystal on the motherboard  Timing mechanism within the computer system that synchronizes the computer’s operations Sends out a signal on a regular basis to all computer components Each signal is a cycle Number of cycles per second is measured in hertz (Hz) One megahertz = one million ticks of the system clock 60 THE SYSTEM CLOCK AND THE MACHINE CYCLE  Many PC system clocks run at 200 MHz  Computers can run at a multiple or fraction of the system clock speed  A CPU clock speed of 2 GHz means the CPU clock “ticks” 10 times during each system clock tick  During each CPU clock tick, one or more pieces of microcode are processed  A CPU with a higher clock speed processes more instructions per second than the same CPU with a lower CPU clock speed 61 THE SYSTEM CLOCK AND THE MACHINE CYCLE Machine Cycle  The series of operations involved in the execution of a single machine level instruction 62 MAKING COMPUTERS FASTER AND BETTER NOW AND IN THE FUTURE Improving the Performance of Your System Today  Add more memory  Perform system maintenance Uninstall programs properly Remove unnecessary programs from the Startup list Consider placing large files not needed on a regular basis on external storage Delete temporary files Scan for viruses and spyware continually 63 Clean out dust once or twice a year MAKING COMPUTERS FASTER AND BETTER NOW AND IN THE FUTURE  Buy a larger or second hard drive  Upgrade your Internet connection  Upgrade your video graphics card 64 ACTIVITY: EXPLORING TASK MANAGER Go to your activity/task manager and find which applications is taking up most of the spaces. 65 FUTURE TRENDS Nanotechnology  The science of creating tiny computers and components less than 100 nanometers in size  Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) used in many products today  Nanofilters and nanosensors  Future applications may be built by working at the individual atomic and molecular levels 66 FUTURE TRENDS Quantum Computing  Applies the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to computers  Utilizes atoms or nuclei working together as quantum bits (qubits)  Qubits function simultaneously as the computer’s processor and memory and can represent more than two states  Expected to be used for specialized applications, such as encryption and code breaking 67 REFERENCES 1. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition, Chapter 2 68