Quantitative Research Designs PDF

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Daren Sauza-Ngadima, PhD EDRE 101 1st Sem; AY 2024-2025 Learning Objectives: 1.Identify different quantitative research designs 2.Explain the characteristics of different quantitative research designs 3.Discuss the types of different q...

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Daren Sauza-Ngadima, PhD EDRE 101 1st Sem; AY 2024-2025 Learning Objectives: 1.Identify different quantitative research designs 2.Explain the characteristics of different quantitative research designs 3.Discuss the types of different quantitative research designs EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research Comparison of Groups ✓ Experimental group – receives a treatment ✓ Control group – receives no treatment (Comparison group- receives a different treatment) Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research Manipulation of the Independent Variable May be established in different ways: One form of variable vs another (e.g. a study comparing the inquiry methods with the lecture method of instruction in teaching arts) Presence vs absence of a particular form (e.g. compraring the use of ppt slides vs no ppt slides in teaching research) Varying degrees of the same form (e.g. comparing the effects of different specified amounts of teacher enthusiasm on students attitude toward statistics) Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research Randomization ✓ Random assignment - every individual who is participating in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental or control conditions being compared ✓ Random Selection – every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to be a member of the sample Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research Randomization ✓ Random assignment 1. Takes place before the experiment begins 2. A process of assigning or distributing individuals to groups, not a result of distribution 3. Allows the researchers to form groups that are equivalent—they differ only by chance in any variables of interest Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research Randomization ✓ Random assignment ▪ Intended to eliminate the threat of extraneous variables ▪ Ensures only that groups are equivalent at the beginning of an experiment ▪ No guarantee of equivalent groups unless both groups are sufficiently large Group Designs in Experimental Research Poor Experimental Designs ✓ One-Shot Case Study X 0 Treatment Observation (DV) ✓ One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design 0 X 0 Pretest (DV) Treatment Posttest (DV) Group Designs in Experimental Research Poor Experimental Designs ✓ Static-Group Comparison Design X 0 (Posttest- Experimental Group) Treatment 0 (Posttest- Control Group) ✓ Static-Group Pretest-Postest Design 0 (Pretest) X 0 (Posttest) 0 (Pretest) Treatment 0 (Posttest) Group Designs in Experimental Research True Experimental Designs ✓ Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design Treatment Group R X 0 (DV) Control Group R C 0 (DV) ✓ Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design Treatment Group R 0 (DV) X 0 (DV) Control Group R 0 (DV) C 0 (DV) Group Designs in Experimental Research True Experimental Designs ✓ Random Solomon Four Group Design Treatment Group R 0 (DV) X 0 (DV) Control Group R 0 (DV) C 0 (DV) Treatment Group R X 0 (DV) Control Group R C 0 (DV) Quasi-Experimental Research do not use the random assignment commonly used in groups with participants naturally assembled such as those in classrooms. Two classes are picked as the two groups. uses natural manipulations rather than ones imposed by the researcher the natural manipulation could be: ethnic group (Ex. Social loafing among Filipinos compared to Vietnamese) Naturally occurring attributes like event, age, intelligence, the occurrence of strikes in factories Quasi-Experimental Research Naturally occurring independent variables: Inherent subject variables Age, sex, race, ethnic group Socially-caused subject attributes Social class, region of residence Disease and illness subject attributes Limb loss, mental illness, cancer victims and survivors Mother nature Earthquake victims, “Yolanda victims,” shipwreck victims and survivors Involves variables that cannot be manipulated directly One deterrent (limit) to the manipulation of variables in experiments is the ethical considerations (drug-abusive groups vs nonabusive) CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH Associational research The relationships among two or more variables are studied without any attempt to influence them Investigates the possibility of relationships between only two variables, although investigations of more than two are common No manipulation of variables Major purpose: to clarify our understanding of important phenomena by identifying relationships among variables CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Attempt to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals Associational research Types of Causal-Comparative Research 1. Exploration of effects (dependent variable) caused membership in a given group Example: Question: What differences in abilities are caused by gender? Hypothesis: Females have a greater amount of linguistic ability than males. Types of Causal-Comparative Research 2. Exploration of causes (independent variable) of group membership Example: Question: What causes the individual to join a gang? Hypothesis: Individuals who are members of gangs have more aggressive personalities than individuals who are not members of gangs. Types of Causal-Comparative Research 3. Exploration of consequences (dependent variable) of an intervention Example: Question: How do students taught by the inquiry method react to propaganda? Hypothesis: Students who were taught by the inquiry method are more critical of propaganda than are those who were taught by the lecture method. SURVEY RESEARCH Major characteristics: 1. Information is collected from a group of people to describe some aspects or characteristics of the population of which that group is part. 2. Information is collected through asking questions. 3. Information is collected from a sample rather than from every member of the population. Types of Survey Research Cross-sectional Survey - Collects information from a sample that has been drawn from a predetermined population - Information is collected at just one point in time Census- when an entire population is surveyed Types of Survey Research Longitudinal Surveys - Information is collected at different points in time to study changes over time Designs: trend study, cohort study, & panel study Types of Survey Research Longitudinal Surveys trend study – different samples from a population whose members may change are surveyed at different points in time. Ex. Compare responses from year to year to whether any trends were apparent. cohort study - different samples from a population whose members do not change are surveyed at different points in time. Ex. All first - year teachers who had graduated in the past year from a certain university. panel study- the same sample of individuals is surveyed at different times over the course of the survey. REFERENCE: Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th ed.). McGrawhill.