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Questions and Answers
What is a key characteristic of experimental research?
What is a key characteristic of experimental research?
What does random assignment ensure in an experiment?
What does random assignment ensure in an experiment?
Which scenario exemplifies manipulation of an independent variable?
Which scenario exemplifies manipulation of an independent variable?
What does random selection in experimental research help to achieve?
What does random selection in experimental research help to achieve?
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Which statement about comparison groups in experimental research is correct?
Which statement about comparison groups in experimental research is correct?
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What is a defining characteristic of cross-sectional surveys?
What is a defining characteristic of cross-sectional surveys?
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Which type of longitudinal survey involves surveying the same sample of individuals over time?
Which type of longitudinal survey involves surveying the same sample of individuals over time?
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In a cohort study, how is the sample characterized?
In a cohort study, how is the sample characterized?
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What is the primary purpose of conducting census surveys?
What is the primary purpose of conducting census surveys?
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How does a trend study differ from other survey types?
How does a trend study differ from other survey types?
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What is a primary feature of correlational research?
What is a primary feature of correlational research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quasi-experimental research?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quasi-experimental research?
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The major purpose of causal-comparative research is to:
The major purpose of causal-comparative research is to:
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In causal-comparative research, an example hypothesis regarding group membership could be:
In causal-comparative research, an example hypothesis regarding group membership could be:
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Which of the following describes a naturally occurring independent variable?
Which of the following describes a naturally occurring independent variable?
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What type of research directly studies the consequences of an intervention?
What type of research directly studies the consequences of an intervention?
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Which of the following best illustrates the exploration of effects in causal-comparative research?
Which of the following best illustrates the exploration of effects in causal-comparative research?
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Survey research primarily seeks to gather data on which of the following?
Survey research primarily seeks to gather data on which of the following?
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What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
What is the primary purpose of random assignment in experimental research?
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Which design is considered a poor experimental design?
Which design is considered a poor experimental design?
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What distinguishes true experimental designs from quasi-experimental designs?
What distinguishes true experimental designs from quasi-experimental designs?
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In a randomized posttest-only control group design, what is the role of the control group?
In a randomized posttest-only control group design, what is the role of the control group?
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Which of the following is an example of quasi-experimental research?
Which of the following is an example of quasi-experimental research?
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What type of design involves both pretest and posttest measures in a randomized format?
What type of design involves both pretest and posttest measures in a randomized format?
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What is a limitation of the one-shot case study design?
What is a limitation of the one-shot case study design?
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In the static-group pretest-posttest design, what is measured before the treatment?
In the static-group pretest-posttest design, what is measured before the treatment?
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Study Notes
Quantitative Research Designs
- The presentation discusses various quantitative research designs.
- Learning objectives include identifying different designs, explaining their characteristics, and discussing types.
- Experimental research has specific characteristics: comparison of groups (experimental and control groups).
- The experimental group receives a treatment, while the control group does not (or receives a different treatment).
- Manipulation of the independent variable can take different forms such as comparison of different methods, presence versus absence of a factor, or varying degrees of the same treatment.
Experimental Research: Comparison of Groups
- Experimental group receives a treatment or intervention.
- Control group receives no treatment or a different treatment.
- Comparison group serves as a benchmark for comparisons.
Experimental Research: Manipulation of the Independent Variable
- Independent variable manipulation can be established in different ways.
- This could involve comparing one form of variable to another (e.g., inquiry vs lecture methods).
- Or, comparing the presence or absence of a particular factor (e.g., use of slides in teaching).
- Also, varying the degree of a variable (e.g, comparing different amounts of teacher enthusiasm).
Experimental Research: Randomization
- Random assignment ensures every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either condition to minimize bias.
- Randomization happens before the experiment begins, not as a result of the experiment conditions.
- Random assignment creates equivalent groups with differences due to chance only.
- Random assignment doesn't guarantee perfectly equivalent groups, large sample size is needed.
- Random selection involves selecting participants from a population fairly. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the sample.
Experimental Designs - Poor Experimental Designs
- One-shot case study: Treatment, then observation (X O).
- One-group pretest-posttest design: Pretest, treatment, posttest (O X O).
- Static-group comparison design: Treatment group (X O); control group (O).
- Static-group pretest-posttest design: Pretest (O), treatment (X), posttest(O) in one group; pretest(O) and posttest (O) for the other
Experimental Designs - True Experimental Designs
- Randomized posttest-only control group design: Treatment group (R X O); control group (R C O). This involves random assignment, and only observations after the treatment.
- Randomized pretest-posttest control group design: Treatment group (R O X O); control group (R O C O). This design has both pretests and posttests.
- Random Solomon four-group design: Treatment group 1 (R O X O), control group 1 (R O C O), treatment group 2 (R X O), control group 2 (R C O)
Quasi-Experimental Research
- Avoids random assignment, uses naturally occurring groups.
- Examples involve assigning naturally occurring groups, such as two classes.
- Natural manipulation of variables (e.g. examining the effect of an event, or comparing groups with varying attributes, like age or ethnicity).
- Some variables can't be manipulated in this research type due to ethical considerations.
Quasi-Experimental Research: Naturally Occurring Independent Variables
- Inherent subject variables (age, sex, race)
- Socially-caused subject attributes (social class, residence region).
- Disease and illness subject attributes (limb loss, mental illness).
- Environmental conditions (natural disasters).
- Other naturally occurring parameters such as the occurrence of a particular event (e.g., strikes in factories).
Correlational Research
- Investigates relationships among two or more variables without manipulating them.
- Doesn't determine causality, only explores associations.
- Purpose to clarify understanding of important phenomena by identifying relationships among variables.
Causal-Comparative Research
- Aims to find the cause or outcomes of existing differences between groups.
- It is associational research, and does not attempt to influence the participants.
- Explores different aspects of causal comparative studies (e.g., effects and causes).
Survey Research
- Collects information from a group of people to describe a population.
- Information is gathered through asking questions on a sample, not the entire population.
Survey Research: Types
- Cross-sectional survey: collects information from a sample at one point in time.
- Longitudinal survey: collects data at various points to examine changes over time (trend, cohort, panel designs).
- Trend study: uses different samples (new people each time) in a population that may change over time.
- Cohort study: uses different samples of a specific group at different points in time that doesn’t change, (e.g., all 1st year teachers from various years).
- Panel study: uses the same sample of individuals at multiple points in time during the study.
References
- Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N.E., & Hyun, H.H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th ed.). McGrawHill.
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Description
This quiz covers various quantitative research designs, focusing on experimental research and its distinctive characteristics. Learn to identify experimental and control groups, understand the manipulation of independent variables, and explore the importance of comparison in research. Test your knowledge on the different types of quantitative research designs.
