Philippine History Of Public Works And Transportation PDF

Third Republic 1946 Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials and equipment. An office of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads was set up to cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of Public Works in impl...

Third Republic 1946 Resuming its operation in 1946, the Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) started with limited human resources, funds, materials and equipment. An office of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads was set up to cooperate with the Philippine Bureau of Public Works in implementing the highway program as authorized by the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. 1946 -1948 Ricardo Nepumoceno served as Secretary of Public Works and Communications under the administration of President Manuel Roxas, lie continued to do so under the administration of President Elpidio Quirino. 1947 The authority of the Department of Public Works and Communications was further expanded when, in 1947, the Motor Vehicles Office was placed under its direct supervision. 1948 The country's premiere airport. Manila International Airport Authority was originally a US Air Force base until 1948, when it was turned over to the Philippine government's National Airport Corporation. The fledgling civil aviation airport's facilities were nothing more than the current domestic runway and a small building as its only passenger terminal. 1949 Laws separating statutes between architects and engineers passed 1950's. The momentum to rebuild from the ashes of WWII and replace destroyed public edifices and utilities made the 1950s an eventful decade for the construction industry. 1950 — 1956 The Ambuklao dam was the highest and biggest in the Far East. It is made of earth and rockfull which measures 129 meters in height and 452 meters in length. The elevation of its crest is 758 meters and the roadway that runs through the top of the dam has an elevation of 756 meters. There are 8 Tainter radial gates at the clam's spillway. Each spillway measures 12.5 meters by 12.5 meters and is 127 meters in length. The gross storage capacity of the dam's reservoir is 327,170,000 cubic meters and it has a usable storage capacity of 258,000,000 cubic meters. The drainage area is 686 square kilometers and is 11 km long with a maximum width of 1 km. Construction began on July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956. 1950 On June 17, 1950, the Architects (Philippine Institute of Architects) prepared and lobbied the passing of the first Architect's law (RA 545) while the Civil Engineers (Philippine Association of Civil Engineers), the Civil Engineering law (RA 544, through the efforts of PACE President Alberto Guevarra) was also passed the same year. They jointly celebrated the passing of their respective laws at the Manila Hotel Winter Garden. 1951 Department of Public Works and Communications (DPWC) was reconstituted as The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) President Elpidio Quirino under Executive Order No. 392 in 1951, the DPWC was again reconstituted to Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) to include the Bureaus of Public Works. Posts. Telecommunications. Motor Vehicles Office, Irrigation Council. Flood Control Commission. Radio Control Board, National Transportation Board and Government Quarters Committee. Taking cognizance of the social impact of the road network to national growth, the Philippine Highway Act of 1953 or Republic Act No. 917 providing for an effective highway administration modified apportionment of highway funds and gave aid to provinces and cities for the improvement and maintenance of roads and bridges. In relation to road and bridge construction and maintenance, the Bureau of Public Highways was created in 1954 by virtue of the Republic Act No. 1192 and placed under the Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications. This Act provided for a more effective management of the Philippine Highways under a Commissioner. Active plans & programs were formulated & implemented. With the abolition of National Airport Corporation in 1951, ownership and management of the airport fell to the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CM) under the Department of Commerce & Industry. In 1956, the CAA was transferred to the Department of Public Works, Transportation & Communications. 1954 Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was created and placed under The Department of Public Works, Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) R.A. No. 1192, AN ACT TO CREATE THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC HIGHWAYS, ABOLISHING THE DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS OF THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC WORKS Approved, August 25, 1954. R.A. No. 1080 was enacted on June 15, 1954 — making bar and board exam (passers) are equivalent to First-Grade Civil Service eligibility. 1955 REPUBLIC ACT No. 1383 was approved on June 18. 1955 "AN ACT CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY' The first road classification system in the country was established through Republic Act No. 917, known as the Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953 and Executive Order 113, series of 1955 which classified roads into national roads (national primary and national secondary), 'national aid' roads (roads of sufficient importance for eventual reclassification at a later stage) and provincial/city/municipal/barangay roads. 1955 -1970 National Waterworks and Sewerage System Authority (NAWASA) was created through RA 1383 1956 On June 16. 1956, the Civil Engineering law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1582. On the same year, the Architecture law was further amended by Republic Act No. 1581. Ambuklao Dam is part of a hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao. Bokod. Benguet province in the Philippines. The development of the Agno River for purposes of hydroelectric power generation, flood control, and irrigation had been conceived as eady as the late 1940s. Preliminary investigations for development at Ambuklao and Binga Dam sites were undertaken as early as January 1948. With maximum water storage capacity of 327.170.000 cubic metres (265.240 acre ft), the facility, which is located 36 km (22 mi) from Baguio city, can produce up to 105 megawatts of electricity to Luzon grid. The main source of water comes from the Agno River which originates from Mt. Data. Ambuklao Dam bagan its construction on July 1950 and opened on December 23. 1956. 1957 Agusan Dam started construction on May 1956 and it opened on December 29. 1957. 1960's Philippines had created one of the top countries in the world that produces architects and engineers since the 60's Private and infrastructure developments were not in existence in the country to make use of these new architects and engineers Shortage of projects in the country have resulted to an influx of Filipino architects and engineers migration to the US and Europe which started in the 60's Inexpensive labor and be able to communicate in English of these Filipino professionals made them attractive to be hired by these developed countries Due to their proficiency in English (compared to other immigrants). Filipino architects/engineers have successfully assimilated in the political and economic structure in their host country Many architects and engineers have established their own firms and/or had 'broken the ceiling" within their firms Due to their numbers. Filipino architects and engineers globally have formed their own groups and made alliances with other Filipino associations Many Filipino architects and engineers in the Philippines have found contract work overseas.The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s. The North Luzon Expressway (NLE or NLEx), and which is formerly called the North Diversion Road and Manila North Expressway (MNEX), and officially known as Radial Road 8 is a 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region in the Philippines. It is one of the two branches of the Radial Road 8 (R-8) of Metro Manila (Quirino Highway is the other). It was built in the 1960s. The expressway begins in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA: a continuation of Andres Bonifacio Avenue. It then passes through Quezon City. Caloocan, and Valenzuela in Metro Manila. Meycauayan. Marilao. Bocaue. Balagtas. Guiguinto. Malolos. Plaridel, and Pulilan in Bulacan. San Simon. San Fernando. Mexico and Angeles in Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward into the rest of Central and Northern Luzon. Presently, it was maintained by Tol!ways Management Corporation with a total length of 84 km 1960-1980's The automobile age. It was during the decade that road construction becomes a matter of priority of the government under the slogan: This nation is on Wheels." 1960 Binga Dam is a dam connected to a hydroelectric power plant situated at Barrio Binga. Barangay Tinongdan in Itogon. Benguet. Philippines. The plant was constructed in 1956 and was opened in 1960, three years after Ambuklao Dam was opened. It is located 31 km southeast of Baguio City and 19 km downstream of Ambuklao Dam. Improvement of the dam is on-going for it had received heavy damage during the 1990 Luzon earthquake, and its installed capacity of 100 MW is being upgraded to 120 MW. In 1960, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures prepared a system of units designated the 'Systeme Internationale d' Unites' with the abbreviation SI for worldwide adoption. It has been adopted and used by most of the over 160 countries in the world, with the exception of Borneo, the Sultanate of Brunei, Liberia and notably the United States. 1961 The first thirteen years of the airport were marked by the building of infrastructure dedicated to international flights. The international runway and associated taxiway were built in 1953, and 1961 saw the completion of a control tower and a terminal building for the exclusive use of international passengers at the southwest intersection of the runways. This system came to be officially known as the Manila International Airport (MIA). The Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) was founded. 1961-1967 Angat Dam located at Norzagaray. Bulacan started its construction on November 1961 and opened on October 16. 1967 with height of 131 meters, length of 568 meters and base width of 550 meters. The source of darn is the Angat River, with a capacity of 850 million cubic meters 1963 REPUBLIC ACT No. 3597 was approved on June 22. 1963 (NAWASA Act) AN ACT AMENDING CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED THIRTEEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-THREE. ENTITLED "AN ACT CREATING A PUBLIC CORPORATION TO BE KNOWN AS THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHORITY' The National Irrigation Administration is a government-owned and controlled corporation tasked with the development and operation of Irrigation Systems all over the country. It was created under RA 3601 which was signed on June 22. 1963 by then President Diosdado P. Macapagal. Its forerunner was the Irrigation Division of the defunct Bureau of Public Works. By virtue of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 1 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos, all irrigation activities were integrated under the NIA. The Agency's power was likewise broadened and capitalization increased from P300 M to 2 B by the issuance of PD 552 on September 11. 1072. Capitalization was further increased to P10 B under PD 1702 on July 17. 1980. NIA absorbed the functions of the Irrigation Division of the Bureau of Public Works and the Irrigation Unit of the Bureau of Lands and Friar Lands Irrigation System. This hybrid nature of MA enabled it to use funds from the government treasury for constructing and rehabilitating irrigation systems, the underlying premise being that irrigation benefited not only the farmers, but the broader society as well. 1964 On June 20. 1964. Republic Act No. 4156 is enacted. It changes the corporate name of Manila Railroad Company (MRRCo) to Philippine National Railways (PNR) 1965 R.A No. 4566 was enacted on June 19. 1965 — regulating constructions or The Contractor's License Law' 1967 Angat Dam is a concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the Manila metropolitan area water. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. The reservoir supplies about 90 percent of raw water requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and it irrigates about 28.000 hectares of farmland in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. Construction began on November 1961 and it opened on October 16. 1967. R.A. No. 5181 was enacted on September 8. 1967 — requiring residence and reciprocity in the exercise of professions by aliens. During Martial Law (Marcos Era) 1965-1973 President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting Secretary of Public Works and Communications. 1970's The 70's is commonly known as the Martial Law years. Declared in 1972. the first few years of its implementation brought about good things to our country. But its later years proved to be the most trying times of our country. Incidentally. the construction industry in the Middle East was at its peak and civil engineers and architects were in demand. In the early 1970's, there were already 591 national and municipal ports plus 200 private ports scattered all over the country necessitating the need for long-range planning and rationalization of port development. 1971 - 1997 On 19 June 1971. Republic Act 6234 was enacted. It dissolved the National Waterworks and Sewerage System (NAWASA) and created in its place the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). MWSS was thus given the mandate 'to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of potable water for domestic and other purposes at just and equitable rates? The proper operation and maintenance of sewerage systems was likewise part of its mandate. 1971 On August 20. 1971. Republic Act No. 6366 was passed amending the PNR Charter 1972 PACE President Engr. Cesar A. Caliwara, exerted a serious effort in merging the two organizations. Leaders of PACE and PSCE negotiated, and talked about the choice of name. Some concerns were raised such as formal accounting and turnover of assets and liabilities, accreditation of bonafide members and election rules for the first officers which were sooner resolved. 1973 On June 1973. President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Registration Certificate No.53896 to the PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. INC. (PICE). This was the culmination and fulfilment of a vision to merge two separate organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers (PSCE) and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers (PACE). Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973.' was signed into law on May 25, 1973. That law created the Local Water Utilities Administration or LWUA in the national level and provided for the establishment of Water Districts in provincial cities and municipalities. A feasibility study and airport master plan was drawn up in 1973 by Airways Engineering Corporation. The detailed engineering design of the new MIA Development Project (MIADP) was undertaken by Renardet-Saufiaransplan/F.F. Cruz Consultants while the design of the International Passenger Terminal building was prepared by Architect L.V. Locsin & Associates. A USS29.6 Million loan was arranged with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to finance the project. 1974 On February 1974, the first election of officers of PICE was held and Engr. Cesar Caliwara became its first president. In order to truly unite the civil engineers of the Philippines, provincial chapters were organized. Bureau of Public Highways (BPH) was expanded as The Department of Public Highways (DPH) The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the Department of Public Highways (DPH) for a more effective administration of the country's highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974. 1975 The first International convention was held in the Philippines on May 20 to 24. 1975 with the theme 'Civil Engineering in Disaster Prevention Control." (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers) On August 13. 1975, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) recognized the PICE as the only official organization of civil engineers in the Philippines with Accreditation No. 007 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 693 (Construction of Magat Dam) was enacted on May 7. 1975 PD No. 693 - Authorizing the Construction of the Magat River Multi-Purpose Project in Isabela. Providing for the Financing Thereof, and for Other Purposes. National Housing Authority (NHA) was created under PD 757 to oversee housing development on a national level. The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505 which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975. In 1975. President Ferdinand Marcos, by a Presidential Decree, the System International (SI) system of units was mandated in the Philippines 1976 With the shift in the form of government, national agencies were renamed from Departments to Ministries. In 1976. Department of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (DPWTC) became Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC) & Department of Public Highways (DPH) as Ministry of Public Highways (MPH). In 1976, the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines Mater Code of the Philippines) to coordinate policies concerning water resources. 1977 PD 1096, otherwise known as the National Building Code of the Philippines (the 'NBCP") signed by then Pres. Ferdinand Marcos on 19 February 1977 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations ('IRR'): Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River located in Pantabangan in Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi- purpose dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir. Pantabangan Lake, affords flood control. The reservoir is considered one of the largest in Southeast Asia and also one of the cleanest in the Philippines. Construction on the dam began in 1971 and it was completed in 1977. In May 1969, the Congress of the Philippines authorized the development of the Pampanga Basin with Republic Act No. 5499. In October of that year, detailed studies of the Pantabangan site were carried out and lasted two years. By June 11. 1971. Pantabangan was an old town of around 300 years old. President Ferdinand Marcos and many others arrived for a ground breaking ceremony in Palayupay. Pantabangan. Nueva Ecija, to signal the beginning of the construction of Pantabangan Dam. The dam went into operation in February 1977 and was completed later in May. Approximately 1.300 people were relocated from the dam's reservoir zone. 1978 Under the 1973 Constitution, a Parliamentary Form of governance was established and departments were renamed into ministries establishing the formal ministry system. Hence, the Department of Public Works and Communications became the Ministry of Public Works. Transportation and Communications (MPWTC). The National Engineering Center (NEC) was established as per P.D. No. 1295. It is an agency supported by the National Government and by the UNDP. The NEC will be an umbrella body under which the non-teaching activities of the college will be administered. These units include: The National Hydraulics Research Center (NHRC), the Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP), the UP Industrial Research Center (UPIRC), and the Transport Training Center (ITC), and the Building Research Services (BRS). On June 11. 1978. Presidential Decree Number 1594 or The Prescribing Policies. Guidelines. Rules and Regulations for Government Infrastructure Contracts' was promulgated. Presidential Decree No. 1350 was promulgated on April 7. 1978 — allowing applicants for citizenship to take the board exam pending the approval of their petition. 1978 -1982 The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983. Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was a Rock-fill dam with a height of 114 meters and length of 4. 160 meters. 1979 On July 23. 1979 under Executive Order No. 546. MPWTC was again restructured into two (2) Ministries — the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), integrating all bureaus and offices concerned with public works functions and activities under the Ministry of Public Works. The same went true with all offices involved in transportation and communications which were placed under the supervision and administration of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Minister Jose P. Dans served as head of the MOTC. On July 23. 1979. by Executive Order No. 546. PNR becomes one of the attached agencies of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now DOTC 1980's Major highways and expressways were constructed through the financial assistance and loans from foreign banks 1980 In 1980 President Marcos founded the Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC), responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected to create rural water supply associations in order to construct, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems in communities with fewer than 20, 000 inhabitants. On July 12, 1980, the country's president. Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) as a government agency. The Chairman was the then First Lady and Governor of Metro Manila. Imelda Romualdez Marcos. This LRTA confined its activities to determining policies, to the regulation and fixing of fares, and to the planning of extensions to the system. The project was called Metrorail and was operated by a sister company of the former tramway company Meralco called Metro, Inc. Initial assistance for building the LRT project came from the Belgian government which granted a P300 million "soft" and interest-free loan with a repayment time of 30 years. The project was expected to pay for itself within a period of 20 years out of revenue alone. A Belgian consortium consisting of ACEC (Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi, BN), (Constructions Ferroviaires, et Metalliques, fomierly Brugeoise et Nivelles). TEI (Tractionnel Engineering International) and TC (Transurb Consult) provided an additional loan of P700 million. The consortium provided the cars, signalling, power control, telecommunications, training and technical assistance. The entire system was expected to be financially "in the red- well into 1993. Against an expected gross revenue of P365 million for the first operating year, government losses were thought likely to reach P216 million. The system was designed as a public utility rather than as a profit center. Construction of the line started in October 1981, and was the responsibility of CDCP (Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines), with assistance from the Swiss firm of Losinger and the American company Dravo, the latter, through its Philippine subsidiary. The government appointed Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zurich (Switzerland) to manage and supervise the project. Electrowatt set up offices in Manila and became responsible for extension studies of the system which eventually comprised 150 km of routes along all major corridors in about 20 years' time. Martial Law executed Letter of Instruction 1000 on March 20, 1980 — the Malacanang edict of having just one organization for each profession to be accredited by the Professional Regulations Commission. 1981 MPW and MPH were merged to become The Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27. 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and Public Highways were merged for a more effective and sustained implementation of infrastructure projects. Under the restructured set-up, the agency was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways (MPWH) with 14 regional offices. 94 districts and 60 city engineering offices, five (5) bureaus and six (6) service offices, in addition to corporations and councils attached to the Ministry for administrative supervision. In as early as 1981, the Philippine Board of Examiners for the Various Licensure Examinations for the Practice of Engineering and Architecture began to use the new system of units. SI. 1980's The increase of handheld calculators revolutionized engineering, with faster and more efficient calculations leaving the old slide rule behind. 1982 Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam is located on Magat River, a major tributary of Cagayan River. Construction of the dam started in 1975 and completed in 1982. Magat Dam is one of the largest dams in the Philippines and has two primary purposes: as a source of irrigation water and as a provider of hydroelectric power. The construction and appurtenant structures was authorized by P.D. 693 signed on May 7. 1975 by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos. The Magat Dam was constructed in 1978 and inaugurated by the Late Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos on October 27. 1982 and started operations in 1983. Implementation of this multipurpose project was based on the preliminary study conducted in 1973 by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) with the assistance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Subsequent detailed and extensive dam site investigation and engineering studies further confirmed the feasibility of what is now known as NIA's most daring infrastructure project and one of Asia's biggest dams today. It was Southeast Asia's first large multipurpose dam. The dam is pad of the Magat River Multipurpose Project (MRMP) which was financed by the World Bank and whose purpose is to improve on the existing Magat River Irrigation System (MARIS) and to triple the production of rice in the Cagayan River basin. The project was jointly financed by the Philippine Govemment and the World Bank which extended a USS150M loan to finance the foreign exchange requirement. In addition, a USS9M loan from Bahrain was obtained for the purchase of other equipment for the diversion tunnels, soils laboratory and model testing. The total project cost is USS3.4B (yr. 1975). The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela both on the island of Luzon, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Metro Manila. The Magat River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in the country. 1984 Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines. The dam is located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam in Norzagaray. Bulacan province. It was a pad of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Its normal level is 110 m. The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete dam located about 7.5 kilometres downstream of the Angat Dam near its confluence with the Ipo River in Bulacan. It was completed in January 1984 with a maximum storage capacity of 7.5 million cubic metres, an increase of about 2,500 million litres per day (MLD) from the old Ipo Dam, which used to be located 200 metres upstream of the new dam. The spill level of the dam is at an elevation of 101 metres and it has seven radial floodgates. The watershed topography is characterised by mountainous terrain similar to the Angat Reservoir Watershed with moderate forest cover. The watershed has an area of about 70 square kilometers and receives an average annual rainfall of 3,500 millimeters. Tributaries to the Angat River at this section include the Ipo, Sapa Pako and Sapa Anginon Rivers. These tributaries drain into the Angat River from the eastern section of the watershed. Water from the dam is diverted to the Novaliches Portal and the La Mesa Darn through three intake structures going down to three connecting tunnels into five connecting aqueducts.