Cognitive Science Review PDF

1. What is the job of cogsci? - bringing perspectives from neuro, psych, CS, phil, lang, and anthro together 2. what method do philosophers use? - argument and analysis/ deductive reasoning 3. what methods do psychologists use? - experimental techniques and paradigms 4. what metho...

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What is the job of cogsci? - bringing perspectives from neuro, psych, CS, phil, lang, and anthro together 2. what method do philosophers use? - argument and analysis/ deductive reasoning 3. what methods do psychologists use? - experimental techniques and paradigms 4. what methods do neuroscientists use? - spacial/temporal resolution, case studies, lesions, brain imaging 5. what methods do cognitive psychologists use? - modeling 6. what methods do AI researchers use? - computer modeling 7. temporal resolution - time intervals to which they are sensitive 8. spacial resolution - the scale on which they give precise measurement 9. why are conclusions derived from western psycho experiements not represent humanity as a whole? - participants are WEIRD- western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic 10. define cognition - mental activity of acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge 11. who established first psych lab? - Wundt 12. what happened when behaviorism took rise? - psych should study relation between observable stimuli and response 13. mind was banished from discussion 14. what happened when cognitive psychology took rise? - growth in memory and ling and cs created view that mental processes can be best understood by comparison to a computer 15. whats the computational model of mind? - cognition involves an algorithmic process of info processing 16. what is parallel distributed processing? - brain performs range of actives at the same time, can complete process of info even if some info is gone or wrone 17. frontal lobe is responsible for? - speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgement 18. parietal lobe is responsible for - sensory cortex 19. occipital lobe is responsible for? - visual info 20. temporal lobe is responsible for? - auditory 21. motor cortex responsible for\> - voluntary movements 22. sensory cortex responsible for - sensations 23. what are the two parts of the limbic system? - amygdala and hippocampus 24. Amydala is responsible for: - emotions, fear and aggression 25. hippocampus is responsible for - memory 26. what are the three limitations of the experiemtal method? - 1. lack of ecological validity (more controlled environment = less like irl) 2. best things in life arent quantifiable 3. belief is a confounding variable 27. what is the difference between sensation and perception? - sensation is the process of our sensory receptors and nervous system converting stimulus energies from the environment to neural impulses 28. perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory info thru previous knowledge 29. what are the 4 early models of object perception? - 1. template matching (exemplar approach) 2. feature- analysis (feature approach) 3. prototype (prototype approach) 4. recognition-by-components 30. problem with template matching model - cant account for complexities and flexibility of object recognition (different handwriting) 31. problem with feature analysis model - can\'t explain recognition of complex objects with moving features 32. Explain how Artificial Neural Networks work - neurons = nodes 33. weights = connections between nodes similar to IPSP and EPSP 34. the first layer of nodes are the 784 nodes colored on a grey scale (0 = no activation, 1= fully activated) 35. the second layer will pick up on edges based on the activation\'s weighted sum according to the weights 36. the third layer recognizes the subcomponents of the number 37. the last layer has 10 nodes (0-9) and the brightest one is the computers \"\" 38. How are multilayered neural networks trained? - back propagation- the weight of connections between nodes changes 39. why would increasing the number of hidden layers in a neural net be bad? - network might overfit the training set- unable to generalize new data 40. bottom up processing - analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain\'s integration of sensory information - INFO COMING FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD 41. top down processing - info processing guided by our beliefs, expectations, and memories - INFO FROM OUR MINDS 42. self-fulfilling prophecy - beliefs create our experiences and perceptions 43. Pygmalion effect - people are influenced by the expectations built upon them - children that were randomly labeled \"spurters\" showed greater increase in IQ 44. what are the 3 kinds of perceptual constancies? - shape, lightness, size-distance 45. light constancy - we perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies 46. modular processing - there are specialized info processing modules that respond automatically and cant be switched off 47. Prosopagnosia - inability to recognize faces 48. visual agnosia - inability to recognize objects 49. unilateral spatial neglect - ignores left side due to stroke in right hemisphere (parietal and frontal) they still kinda have an unconscious awareness to the left side however 50. blindsight - a condition in which people who are blind have some spared visual capacities in the absence of any visual awareness 51. Mozart Effect - music may induce a short-term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of mental tasks known as \"spatial- temporal reasoning;\" 52. Which marketing studies did we cover in class? - - temp of music in stores affects purchasing behavior and overall sales - people influenced by customer ratings (aggregate data) OR comments (individualized data) depends of music playing 53. (perfect 5th= aggregate ; tritones = individualize) - the color of packaging influences perception of the product 54. effect of music on the brain - -Music is the only sensory experience that can activate all areas of the brain simultaneously! - improvement in mental and physical well being- more effective when paired with the playing of an instrument or singing along. 55. synesthesia - describing one kind of sensation in terms of another (\"a loud color\", \"a sweet sound\") 56. what are the two theories of synesthesia? - 1. brain structure has more connections (not the usually modularity) 57. 2\. \"feed-backwards\" connections carry info from high level multi-sensory areas to single sense area. There are inhibitory connections that prevents info from going down the wrong way. This inhibitors might be disrupted and info is fed back to senses so it may feel like you\'re experience another sense of the object 58. what is priming - unconscious activation of particular associations in memory (exposure to one thing can later alter behavior or thoughts. For example, if a child sees a bag of candy next to a red bench, they might begin looking for or thinking about candy the next time they see a bench.) 59. dichotic listening - headphones- different messages in each ear, told to ignore one ear and recite what the other said but they can pick up important words like their name if it came from the ignored side 60. what is the filter model of attention? - since everything is picked up on some level (cocktail party effect) we filter them so only small portion comes to our conscious understanding 61. what are the 4 physio/neuro ways to measure attention - 1. neuro correlates (ERP and PET activation of anterior+posterior) 2. orienting response (inc heart rate and galvantic skin response) 3. pupil dilation 4. eye movement towards object of attention 62. change blindness - failing to notice changes in the environment in attempt to achieve object constancy in spite of changes in sensory input 63. T/F? feats of divided attention are possible due to practice and actions become automatic - True 64. T/F? its possible to perform two tasks that require deep cognitive processing at the same time - False 65. what are the advantages and disadvantages of automatic processing - - efficient, multitask - no accuracy, miss richness of life 66. what are the 3 theories of attention - 1. bottleneck 2. automatic vs. controlled processing 3. feature-integration theory 67. Bottleneck theories of attention - limits the quantity of information we pay attention to 68. what are the differences between automatic vs controlled processing - automatic is easy or habitual tasks, parallel and involuntary processing (find your name in a list) controlled is hard tasks with serial processing 69. What is feature integration theory? (focused/distributed attention) - attention must be serially processed when you need to characterize objects with separable features (focused attention) 70. you can recognize single features automatically and parallely (distributed attention) 71. T/F? the more kids with ADHD wiggle and fidget, the better they do on cognitive tests - True 72. what is biofeedback? - person trained to control autonomic processes (heartbeat etc) To treat ADHD 73. what is neurofeedback? - form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior - measure brainwave 74. what area has increase activation from fMRI neurofeedback that improves symptoms of ADHD? - right inferior frontal cortex 75. whats the correlation between TV and attention and why is that the case? - TV may increase attention problem due to the reliance of bottom up processing (externally generated attention instead of internally 76. what are the effects of sleep deprivation on cognition? what part of the brain becomes impaired? - impairs prefrontal cortex -\> neg impact on attention, memory, and decision making, memory impairments, unable to make broad connections 77. what are the effects of sleep deprivation on adolescents - risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, depression, car accidents 78. what is sleep debt? - building up of lack of sleep 79. what are the neurophysiological functions of sleep? - -consolidation of memories 80. -rest - flushing out of toxins w glymphatic system 81. what does the glymphatic system do during sleep? - pushes cerebrospinal fluid thru brain to flush toxins (clears damaging molecules) 82. what is the basic rest-activity cycle? - 90 min gaps between autonomic activities 83. When during the sleep cycle are dreams usually had? - REM (but also in NREM) 84. What are the theories of dreams? - - Freuds wish fulfillment (discharge feelings and desires) - Modern psychodynamic view (reflections of our lives - solutions to our problems) 85. -Hobson &McCarleys activations synthesis hypothesis (just to serve to develop and reserves neural pathways thru stimulation) 86. -Cognitive Development Theory (dreaming aids cog development 87. -memory consolidation view (REM important for memory consolidation) 88. slow wave sleep helps consolidate \_\_\_\_\_ memory - declarative 89. REM sleep enhances the processing of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memories - emotional 90. T/F? Dreams are used to work through emotional issues - True 91. T/F traumatic dreams are about emotional events that people cannot resolve pr assimilate - True 92. T/F? recurrent dreams are mostly nightmares - True 93. who tends to have the most nightmares? - sensitive people 94. progression of dreams - traumatic dreams \> recurrent dreams \> repetitive themes within long dream series \> frequent elements in dreams 95. Do dreams themes change frequently? - no 96. whats the continuity hypothesis of dreams? - dream life reflects the waking life 97. T/F? 8 out of 10 dreams are negative emotions - True 98. what are the lucid dreaming induction techniques? - -dream recall -get ample sleep-naps -diff positions-reality testing-autosuggestion-MILD (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreaming) -strengthen desire/intention 99. T/F? transforming dreams can end recurrent nightmares - True 100. what are the different viewpoints of the mind- body problem? - monism (idealism and materialism) 101. dualism functionalism 102. what is (monism) idealism? - everything including the material word is actually mind 103. what is (monism) materialism? - everything that exists including mind is physical 104. what is dualism - mind and brain are separate things 105. what is functionalism? - what makes something a mental state is solely its function (causal relationships to stimulations) 106. what does the Physical Symbol System hypothesis say? - since intelligence is just transforming symbols and since humans do it, the human mind must be a pss and so machines can also be intelligent 107. what rule does the PSS hypothesis follow about thinking? - thinking is just the manipulation of symbols and the same symbol system can be done on a computer 108. T/F? the Chinese room argument supports PSS - False 109. what is the Chinese room argument? and what questions does it raise? - person follows instruction manual but doesn\'t learn any chinese 110. what does it mean to \"understand\" something? (goes against PSS hypothesis) 111. What\'s the Turing Test - if you cant tell the difference between a human and a computer then the computer is intelligent 112. what is the neural correlates of consciousness? - consciousness results from coordinated activity of a population of neurons (but which ones?) 113. what are the two theories of NCC? - global neuronal workspace theory & integrated info theory 114. what does the global workspace theory say? - when we act unconsciously, info is localized to the specific sensory motor system involved (typing fast) 115. we are conscious when incoming sensory info is broadcasted globally to multiple cog systems 116. what does the global NEURONAL workspace theory say? whats the evidence? - the network of neurons that brodcasts info is located in the frontal and parietal lobes 117. -evidence is that UNconscious processing are associated with deficits in the frontal and parietal 118. what are the examples of unconscious processing that support the GNW theory? - hypnosis 119. repression and dissociative identity disorder NON lucid dreams 120. unilateral visual neglect 121. the prefrontal cortex disengages processing in the \_\_\_\_\_ shown in repression/dissociation - hippocampus 122. T/F? brain is more active when avoiding recalling memory than actually just recalling it - True 123. what is the posterior hot zone? whats the evidence for this? - no its actually the posterior in which we get our consciousness 124. stimulate -\> conscious experience is elicited, removing posterior can affect conscious content 125. what is Access Consciousness? - accessibility of info (prefrontal and parietal areas) (easy problem) 126. -functional consciousness 127. what is phenomenal consciousness - how and why we experience the different qualias the way we do (posterior hot zone)(hard problem) 128. what is the hard problem of consciousness? - How do we get subjective experience from the brain? 129. where does consciousness explicitly NOT come from? - cerebellum 130. what is the integrated information theory of consciousness? - exchange and integration of neural signals is the basis of phenomenal consciousness (why we exp the way we do) - consciousness comes from neural integration and complexity 131. what does split brain suggests? - consciousness involved operations of verbal mechanism located in left cerebral hemisphere 132. What is anosognosia? - denial of illness 133. who are more susceptible to hypnosis? - rich fantasy lives, imaginative 134. what are some uses for hypotism? - - recover memories 135. -treating physical disorders 136. pain control in childbirth (hypnobirthing- since emotional component of pain is regulated inanterior cingulate and prefrontal ) 137. What\'s the hidden observer in hypnosis? - a dissociated part of hypnotised person is aware what whats happening 138. what are the types of hallucinogens - - LSD - MDMA (ecstasy)- Psilocybin (shrooms) - 139. what does LSD do? positives and negatives? - - stim serotonergic + dopaminergic receptors - can help anxiety, dissolved boundary between self and world 140. can trigger panic attacks and flashbacks, psychotic break etc 141. what does MDMA do? positives and negatives? - -releases serotoninc, norepinephrine, +dopamine and blocks their reuptake -emotional elevation, can treat ptsd -dehydration, overheating, damage to serotonin production -\> depression, memory impairments 142. what does psilocybin do? positives and negatives? - -stimulates serotonin receptors - euphoria, spiritual experiences, hallucinations -nausea, panic attacks, psychotic episodes etc 143. what is the function of anterior cingulate cortex? - integrate cog and affective info, selective attention, processing info