Scientific Method II PDF

Scientific Method II 4- Experiment ◼ Gather data under controlled conditions – Control Group vs. Experimental Group Experiment … Materials: what is needed to do the experiment? Include amounts. Step-by-step instructions List in step-by-step orde...

Scientific Method II 4- Experiment ◼ Gather data under controlled conditions – Control Group vs. Experimental Group Experiment … Materials: what is needed to do the experiment? Include amounts. Step-by-step instructions List in step-by-step order what needs to be done to perform experiment and test hypothesis (be specific!).  Experiment … Multiple trials to get accurate and valid data. Control variable-factor that never changes during an experiment. Ex. If you wanted to know how the sun affects the ripeness of grapes, you would need two set-ups. Experiment … Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. Controls are the experimental conditions that remain constant. Variables are any experimental conditions that change. Repetition and Replication When testing hypotheses, scientists rely on repetition and replication to ensure the hypotheses are strong. Repetition is the expectation that an experiment will give the same results when it is performed under the same conditions. 5. Record/Organize Data Qualitative: observations of behaviors using 5 senses or conducting surveys over time. Quantitative: measurements displayed in tables, graphs, charts, diagrams, drawings. Use correct units Use totals/averages Record/Organize Data (Cont.) Daily Recording- need a journal notebook to record everything done before, during, and after each run of the experiment. 6. Conclusion (paragraph form and complete sentences) State whether your hypothesis is correct or not based on results The data does/does not support my hypothesis. Explain how the results/observations support hypothesis- use data!! Conclusion (cont.) Explain the scientific concept of your scientific inquiry. The results show that ________ because ________. Any errors/problems that may have affected your results? How can the experiment be done differently? Is there a different independent variable that you could test?  Form a Theory ◼ This is not a “wild guess” or a hypothesis ◼ Theories are formed after several hypotheses have been tested and supported by experimental evidence ◼ It’s a broad comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true.  Section 1 Scientific Method Theorizing A theory is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. example: atomic theory, collision theory Theories emerge from a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have undergone repeated testing. Theories generally cover a wider area than most hypotheses. Although theories explain many phenomena, that does not mean that they are not subject to change over time. Even well-established theories, like the collision theory, may not explain everything fully. Major Scientific Theories ◼ Germ Theory of Disease – Germs cause infectious disease ◼ Atomic Theory – Matter is made if tiny atoms ◼ Gene Theory (Chromosomal Theory) – Genes on chromosomes determine heredity ◼ Cell Theory – All life made of cells 14  Construct a Model ◼ An explanation supported by data ◼ Visual, verbal or mathematical Edward Jenner 1749-1823 ◼ Smallpox ◼ Scientific method 16 Observation ◼ Smallpox is deadly 17 Observation ◼ Survivors are immune 18 Observation ◼ Milkmaids do not get smallpox 19 Observation ◼ Milkmaids get cowpox from cows 20 Hypothesis Cowpox Makes You Immune to Smallpox Prediction ◼ If you are exposed to cowpox, you will be immune to smallpox 22 Experiment 23 Results ◼ Boy did not get smallpox 24 Conclusion ◼ Hypothesis supported 25 The End 26