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INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION III | ABM12 - ST.BERNARDINE OF SIENA knowledge of the researchers. Lesson 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics...

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION III | ABM12 - ST.BERNARDINE OF SIENA knowledge of the researchers. Lesson 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics can give explanations to certain Unlocking of Terms questions stated in the research problem and serves as a tool for Inquiry building knowledge and for facilitating a question which you ask to get some new learning. information. introduces new ideas, helps the a process of asking about or researchers identify problems and investigating something to find out appropriate solutions in new ways and more about it. provides a new framework to guide a method that has the aim of extending thinking and action. knowledge, undertaking doubt, or informs action, proves a theory and solving a problem. contributes to develop knowledge in a field or study. Therefore, it understands Investigation various issues and increases public a proper inquiry or efficient study. awareness. Immersion A theory of inquiry is an interpretation of the a process of learning a skill by using various types of inquiry and action of the ways nothing else but that skill. that each type of inquiry attains its aim. fact of becoming completely involved in something. The inquiry-based learning steps: Research Study Focus - An ill-structured problem demands exploring things to come up with the consideration of diverse perspectives. best idea/s to respond to the needs of society. Decide on a topic - Think-aloud, ask probing questions, monitor and encourage participants WHAT IS RESEARCH? to decide a topic. an investigation or experimentation Discussion aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of Understanding the problem - Includes accepted theories or laws in the light of clarifications of misconceptions and new facts, or practical application of possibilities. such new or revised theories or laws. a practice of collecting information Design on the problem - Final stage done to about a particular subject. address problems within manageable scales and provides best solution to some of the extend their learning pathways. world problems and enhance the Sources of Research Problems help you to develop concepts and focusing techniques by asking questions Research problems may exist in various settings and knowing the interests of the such as schools, houses, restaurants, clinics, or persons involved in the said issues. any place in the community. They are commonly found in areas where there is/are: Things that may be considered before starting the research activity: 1. A feeling of discomfort like during recitation or in making projects; 1. A problem that is most interesting to you 2. Perceived difficulties in the management and 2. Existing problems in the class/school/campus leadership of the class president or the adviser. which one may want to solve 3. Existing needs of the community or society 3. A gap between theory and practice 4. Area of interest, specialization or event from 4. A daily experience of a person that requires related fields further inquiry especially which needs to function properly 5. Prevailing theories and philosophy 5. A pattern or trend Criteria in Choosing a Research Topic: 6. A literature review 1. It should be something new or different from what has already been written about. These instances can give students an idea that something is researchable: 2. It must be original. 1. Solutions are available but not yet tested and 3. It should be significant to the field of study or not known by the practitioner discipline. 2. No solutions are available to answer the gap 4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual or the problem assessed curiosity. 3. Answers, solutions, or results are seemingly 5. It should be of researcher’s interest. not tested or are factually contradictory 6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to 4. A phenomenon exists which requires be carried out within a limited period of time. explanation 7. It should be clear, not ambiguous. 5. There are several possible and plausible explanations for the existence of an undesirable 8. It should be specific, not general. condition 9. It should consider the training and personal BRAINSTORMING qualifications of the researcher. a way of inquiring ideas 10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them. 11. It should consider the availability of effective 5 pupils of Dr. Cristobal Elementary School”, instruments for gathering the data and their write “elementary pupils” or “selected treatment. elementary schools” because the specific characteristic will be indicated in another part 12.It should consider the financial capacity of or element of the research paper. the researcher to support the project. The researchers must be reminded of the 13.It should consider the time factor involved in following: the undertaking. 1. In formulating the title, the researchers should avoid using words that serve no useful Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking purpose and can mislead indexers. The words the Question methods, results, investigations, and study appear redundant when used in the thesis title. Sub-Topics 1. The Research Title 2. In many cases, the general problem or even 2. Background of the problem the specific questions that the researcher 3. Conceptual Framework intends to answer, when rewritten in a 4. Research Hypothesis (for Quantitative statement form, can serve as the title. Research) 5. Statement of the Problem 3. The title must have 10 to 15 words. 6. Importance of the study 7. Scope and limitations of the study 8. Definition of terms BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM/STUDY It provides context to the information THE RESEARCH TOPIC discussed throughout the research process. After identifying and narrowing the topic, a May include both important and researcher may now develop its research title. relevant studies. Generally, the title should: Deliberate your statement of the problem, rationale, and research 1. summarize the main idea of the paper questions. It links the introduction to your research 2. be a concise statement of the main topic; study and guarantees a logical flow of ideas. 3. include the major variable/s; Its purpose is to introduce the research problem, clarify important variables, 4. show the relationship of the main variables of discuss its delimitations, and specify its the study; significance to the field of study. 5. include the main task of the researcher about Following essential elements: the major variables under study; and ✓ Introduction 6. mention the participants (in general manner) ✓ Statement of the Problem and the setting. Thus, instead of writing “Grade ✓ Scope and Delimitation ✓ Significance of the Study  The introduction is very important in As a skeleton gives shape, form and establishing the cognitive setting of the strength to the body so it can stand research and it involves: erect, so do the different concepts and theories. These concepts and theories 1. Discussing why there is a need to study the serve as the building blocks (or the problem “skeleton”) for the foundation or bases of the study. 2. Clarifying the important terminologies for the Researchers create and generate reader to easily understand what the theoretical and conceptual frameworks research is about that comprise a philosophical and methodological model to help and aid 3. Establishing the degree of seriousness of the to design their work. problem which has prompted the researcher to is an analytical tool with several look for solutions. variations and contexts that can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed in Background of the Problem/Study order to come up with the desired goal. Questions that will aid researchers in Theoretical and Conceptual frameworks formulating the introduction: provide evidence of academic 1. What is the rationale of the research standards and procedures that problem? validates the authenticity of the study. 2. What is the setting of the research problem? proposed an explanation and clarification of why the study is 3. What is the basic literature foundation of the relevant and how the study? researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature. 4. How serious is the chosen research problem? The theoretical framework which may be formulated from 5. What is the general objective of the research an existing theory/ies serves as problem? the foundation of the study. The paradigm that is originally 6. What is the overall purpose of the research used by the theorist can be fully problem? adopted in the present study. The researcher can add or CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK subtract variables from the original framework, provided WHAT IS FRAMEWORK? that the whole theory is utilized. It is similar to a skeleton. A basic structure or frame of reference How to Make a Conceptual Framework in Four which is designed to support or enclose Steps something (Merriam-Webster, n.d.) 1. Identify the important variables of your study Two important variables that you must identify If you want to give emphasis to your research in your study: the independent and the process, the input-process-output model is the dependent variables. appropriate visual diagram for your conceptual framework. Independent variable To create your visual diagram using the IPO a variable that you can manipulate. model, follow these steps: can affect the dependent variable. 3.A. Determine the inputs of your study. Inputs Dependent variable are the variables that you will use to arrive at the resulting variable that you are your research result. Usually, your independent measuring. variables are also the inputs of your research. 2. Think how the variables are related 3.B. Outline your research process. Usually, the variables of a study have a direct 3.C. State the research output. Indicate what relationship. If a change in one of your variables you are expecting after you conduct the leads to a corresponding change to another research. variable, then they might have this kind of relationship. However, note that having a direct 3. D. Create the model using the determined relationship between variables does not mean input, process, and output of the research. that they already have a cause-and-effect relationship. It takes statistical analysis to prove B. IV-DV MODEL causation between variables. 3. Create a visual diagram or a model Usually, shapes such as rectangles, circles, and arrows are used for the model. There are different ways in how you may create a visual diagram or model for your conceptual framework. The three most common models are the independent-dependent variable model, the input-process-output (IPO) model, You may create this model by writing the and concept maps. independent and dependent variables inside rectangles. Then, insert a line segment between A. IPO MODEL them, connecting the rectangles. This line segment indicates the direct relationship between these variables. C. PC MODEL  D. P MODEL F. Using Concept Maps A concept map is an effective visual diagram you can use if you have multiple variables that affect one another. 4. Explain your conceptual framework in narrative form Provide a brief explanation of your conceptual framework. State the important variables, their relationship, and the research outcome. Lesson 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question (Part 2) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Research Hypothesis is vital to all research endeavors, whether qualitative or quantitative, exploratory or explanatory. In statistical modeling, the predictor variable is analogous to an independent variable and is Following are some hints for the formulation of used to predict an outcome (the criterion your hypothesis. variable). One of the main differences between independent/dependent and criterion/predictor 1. Be certain to read on the subject matter to variables is the concept of causation. explain with it before making a final decision The relationship between cause and effect; causality. 2. As noted, a research hypothesis is more than just a topic. It has two elements (variables) that Causation, or causality, is the capacity of one are in relation to each other. Your hypothesis is variable to influence another. The first variable what you propose to “prove” by your research. may bring the second into existence or may As an outcome of your research, you will arrive cause the incidence of the second variable to at a conclusion, a theory, or understanding that fluctuate. will be useful or applicable beyond the research itself. E. POM 3. Avoid judgmental and critical words in your hypothesis. 4. Your hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be answered exclusively by the discipline of law. 5. Be certain that each term in your hypothesis ◎ The intrapersonal and interpersonal is clearly understood and defined, do not deal in competencies of principals do not relate generalities or assume that the reader knows significantly to the performance of secondary the meaning of the technical term. schools. 6. Know that your hypothesis may change over 3. Null Hypothesis time as your research progresses. ◎ It is a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. This kind is always expressed as a negative statement. It is subjected to testing in which the decision is either to accept or reject it. Example: ◎ There is no significant relationship between the reasons for using alternative medicine and the level of comfort of the patients. Kinds of Research Hypothesis: STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. Simple Hypothesis Discussion: ◎ It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent variable Stating the problem helps the researcher clarify and a dependent variable. various essential elements of research such as the major variables, the general and specific Examples: objectives, and the appropriate methodology. ◎ The nature of teachers is related to the Essential Elements in the Statement of the nature of the students. Problem: ◎ There is a relationship between the level of 1. Main Tasks exercise and weight retention among 2. Main or Major Variables elementary school children. 3. Participants 4. The Specific Setting 2. Complex Hypothesis 5. Coverage Date 6. For developmental research, the intended ◎ It is a hypothesis formulated when predicting outputs such as the intervention program, the relationships of two or more independent module, policies, among others. variables to two or more dependent variables. Two Types of Questions Formulated in Examples: Research: ◎ There is no significant relationship between ◎ Non-researchable Questions are questions the profile, classroom leadership of value. These are questions that are and management skills and the school’s answerable by “yes” or “no”. performance of Sunday school teachers. Examples: 1. Should senior high school students taking How To Write Significance of the Study in Five STEM be good in Math or Science subjects? Steps 2. Do all high school teachers have a Master’s 1. Use Your Research Problem as a Starting Point degree? Your problem statement itself can provide clues ◎ Researchable Questions are questions of to what outcome your research study will value, opinions, or policy raised to gather data. achieve and who will benefit from it The basic form of a research question involves the use of question words such as who, what, 2. State How Your Research Will Contribute to where, when, why, and how. the Existing Literature in the Field Think of the things that were not explored by SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY previous studies. Then, write how your research tackles those unexplored areas. It provides information to the reader on how the study will contribute. 3. Explain How Your Research Will Benefit Society It must be exactly stated, however, what the study will contribute and who will In this part, tell how your research will impact benefit from it. society. Think of how the results of your research will change something in your Discussion: community. 4. Mention the Specific Persons or Institutions Identifying the beneficiaries and the Who Will Benefit From Your Study benefits it will give when the problem is solved. The beneficiaries include You may indicate the people who will benefit in individuals like students, pupils, the results of the research. teachers, doctors, principals, parents, and others; the government; 5. Indicate How Your Study May Help Future non-governmental organizations, and Studies in the Field even private institutions. You must also specifically indicate how your The benefits these entities will receive research will be part of the literature of the field from the research vary from personal you are studying and how it will benefit future benefits to multi-faceted benefits. researchers. The sequence of the beneficiaries of the Tips and Warnings: research starts from the most benefited to the least benefited. The benefits Think ahead. must be specific and arranged according Write concisely. to the degree of significance. Go from general to specific. Seek help. Revise, revise, revise!  a. The Main Objective of the Research SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This refers to the concept that you’re focusing on in your research. Some examples are the Sets borders and delimitations of the following: problem inquiry and narrows down the scope of the inquiry. level of awareness or satisfaction of a certain The “Scope and Delimitation” section group of people states the concepts and variables that your study covered. It tells your readers correlation between two variables which things you have included and excluded in your analysis. effectiveness of a new product Basically, this portion tells two things: comparison between two methods/approaches 1. The study’s “Scope” – concepts and variables you have explored in your study and; lived experiences of several individuals It’s helpful to consult your study’s Objectives or 2. The study’s “Delimitation” – the Statement of the Problem section to figure out “boundaries” of your study’s scope. It sets apart your research’s main goal. the things included in your analysis from those that are excluded. b. Independent and Dependent Variables Included Limitations VS Delimitation Suppose that you’re studying the relationship Delimitation refers to factors you set to limit between social media usage and students’ your analysis. It delineates those that are language skills. These are the possible variables included in your research and those that are for the study: excluded. Remember, delimitations are within your control. Independent Variable: Number of hours per day spent on using Facebook Limitations are factors beyond your control that may affect your research’s results. You can think Dependent Variable: Grade 10 students’ of limitations as the “weaknesses” of your study. scores in Quarterly Examination in English. Scope and Delimitations of the Study Note how specific the variables stated above are. For the independent variable, we narrow it How To Write Scope and Delimitation: down to Facebook only. Since there are many ways to assess “language skills”, we zero in on 1. Review Your Study’s Objectives and Problem the students’ English exam scores as our Statement dependent variable. Your study’s coverage relies on its objectives. c. Subject of the Study Thus, you can only write this section if you’re familiar with what exactly you’re researching. This refers to your study’s respondents or participants. 2. State the Key Information to Explain Your Study’s Coverage and Boundaries In our previous example, the research participants are Grade 10 students. However, There are a lot of Grade 10 students in the Scope and Delimitation Philippines. Thus, we have to select from a certain schools only. For instance, Grade 10 (Main Objective) students from a national high school in Manila. This study focused on assessing the correlation d. Timeframe and Location of the Study between the respondents’ duration of Specify the month(s), a quarter(s), or year(s) as Facebook usage and their English proficiency the duration of your study. Also, indicate the level. place where you will gather the data required for your research. (Variables used) e. Brief Description of the Study’s Research The researchers used the number of hours per Design and Methodology day of using Facebook and the activities usually performed on the platform to assess the You may also include whether your research is respondents’ extent of Facebook quantitative or qualitative, the sampling usage. Meanwhile, the respondents’ English method (cluster, stratified, purposive) applied, proficiency level is limited only to their English and how you conducted the experiment. quarterly exam scores. Using our previous example, the Grade 10 (Subject of the study) students can be selected using stratified sampling. Afterward, the researchers may A sample of fifty (50) Grade 10 students of St. obtain their English quarterly exam scores Anthony’s College High School served as the from their respective teachers. You can add study’s respondents. these things to your study’s Scope and Delimitation. (Timeframe and location) 3. Indicate Which Variables or Factors Are Not This study was conducted during the Second Covered by YourResearch Semester of School Year 2020 – 2021 on the premises of St. Anthony’s College High School in Going back to our previous example, you can San Jose, Antique. state that your assessment will not include the vocabulary and oral aspect of the English (Methodology) proficiency skill. The respondents are selected by performing a Example of Delimitation of Research 1 stratified random sampling to ensure that there will be 10 respondents from five Grade 10 Research Title classes of the aforementioned school. A Study on the Relationship of the Extent of The researchers administered a 20-item Facebook Usage on the English questionnaire to assess the extent of Facebook usage of the selected respondents. Meanwhile, Proficiency Level of Grade 10 Students of St. the data for the respondents’ quarterly exam Anthony’s College High School. scores were acquired from their English teachers. The collected data are handled with the utmost confidentiality. The Spearman’s Types of Plagiarism Rank Order Correlation was applied to quantitatively assess the correlation between the variables. (Exclusions) This study didn’t assess other aspects of the respondents’ English proficiency such as English vocabulary and oral skills. Note: The words inside the parentheses in the example above are guides only. They are not included in the actual text. Lesson 3: Review of Related Literature PLAGIARISM Plagiarism According to Carver et al. (2011) “Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others‟ research proposals and manuscripts.” Plagiarism is considered as the most Ways to Avoid Plagiarism common scientific misconduct. 1. Citation Plagiarism is an act of claiming another’s work or copying a portion of The complete source must be placed after the someone else’s writing. If copying copied phrase or sentence using the prescribed another researcher’s ideas cannot be format of citation. avoided, proper citation must be done. In most universities, plagiarism is a 2. Paraphrasing breach of the student code of conduct and can result in failure of the course A process by which the information to be lifted subject or even expulsion from the is rephrased into one’s own words on how you institution. understood the information. 3. Quoting Copyright One must quote and cite again or paraphrase to Copyrights protect original artistic avoid self-plagiarism when using materials from works. That includes things like photos, one’s own former-writings. Avoid quoting more books, movies, songs, paintings, than 40 words. software code, architecture and even the article you are reading right now. 4. Referencing Copyrights give their owner the This is done in conjunction with citations exclusive right to reproduce and profit following the prescribed format off the underlying work. For researchers who want their papers to be published in conventional journals, the usual Difference between Copyright and Plagiarism agreement is for the copyright of the researcher’s work to be transferred to the publisher of that journal. In this case, the publisher of the journal can reproduce and distribute the research legally. However, most journals nowadays maintain the researcher’s ownership of their work, but both parties agreed on the journal’s right to publish and reuse the manuscript. In the case of “Open Access” journals, the researchers agree to allow free dissemination of one’s work without their permission. Trademarks When most people think of trademarks, they think of brand names like Plagiarism applies when ideas are copied; Coca-Cola, Apple or McDonald’s. These copyright violation occurs only when a specific are good examples, but the category is fixed expression (e.g., sequence of words, use of even broader. an image) is copied. Avoiding plagiarism is about properly apportioning intellectual credit; A trademark protects a word, phrase, copyright is about maintaining revenue streams. symbol or device — the mark — used in commerce to identify and distinguish one product from another. The slogan “I’m lovin’ it” is a trademark of Copyright, Patents and Trademarks McDonald’s, and Coca-Cola was granted Whether you’re an inventor, a writer or an a trademark on the design of its curved artist, you need to know what these each glass bottles. mean — and which you need to protect your work.  Trademarks help businesses and the public by making the differences ◎ It prevents duplication of studies between products clear. Anyone can start a soda company, but only one soda ◎ It helps avoid problems that others can be called Coca-Cola. There are many encountered. hotel chains, but only one is called the Four Seasons. There are many coffee ◎ It provides valuable information about how companies, but only one Starbucks. to measure the research variables involved. ◎ It helps determine what research design will be most useful. Patents A thorough literature review before the Patents protect novel inventions or implementation of the study reflects the depth discoveries like pharmaceutical drugs, of discussion, analysis, and interpretation of complex machinery or advanced findings. software. By prohibiting others from using or importing the invention, a Literature serves the following purposes in patent essentially grants its owner a research process: monopoly on the innovation, but only for a limited time — generally 20 years. ◎ It builds the confidence of the researcher as After that, anyone can use it free. they fully understand the variables being studied. The patent system tries to balance the need for inventors to make money and ◎ It shows similar studies conducted which, in allowing the public to benefit from turn, become the springboard of discussion as advances. the researcher may agree or disagree with the current results. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ◎ Fellow researchers may see the objectivity of What is review of related literature? the study as they read the review of literature and related sources similar in research or Academic and research journals, books conceptual framework. and other similar documents that contain reports of previous research ◎ Reviewing a body of literature on the topic studies about a topic related to the makes the research study empirical. present study. This is called literature review or review of related literature. What are the types of sources for related literature? Review of related literature involves a process of identifying, locating, The following are types of sources in organizing, and analyzing information conducting related literature: about a research topic. General references - sources first accessed by What is the value of related literature? the researchers to give them information about the general reference collection comprises Related literature is essential because of the materials that serve one or more of the following reasons: following purposes:  4. There must be inadequate numbers, not too factual information (e.g., dictionaries, atlases, few nor too many. statistical yearbooks, biographical dictionaries) Categories of Sources overview of a topic (e.g., handbooks, encyclopedias) The sources for the data and information for the crafting of your Review of Related guides to in-depth research on a topic (e.g., bibliographies, indices) Literature is categorized into four (4). Primary sources - provide first-hand 1. Documents- these sources include those information about experts‟ and other materials that are written or printed such as researchers‟ publications that contain findings books, reports etc. This source can come in a that are directly communicated to the readers published or non-published state. and interested parties. 2. Numerical records- This source is considered Example: Academic and research journals as a subcategory of documents. This source published by universities and learned includes numerical data in printed form such as organizations. census reports, school budgets, etc. Secondary sources - These are written by 3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, authors that describe another researcher’s songs and other form of oral data composes this work and may only contain summaries or type of source. interpretation of research reports rather than a complete description. 4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the history. Example: Textbooks, single-authored books, and books edited by different authors with each In identifying a possible source of your RRL, contributing to a collection of chapters on a you can refer to the following characteristics single topic. below: Tertiary sources - These sources are books and 1. The sources that you should use must be new articles based on secondary sources. or recent as possible. It synthesizes and explains the work of others. 2. It must be unbiased and objective as possible. In identifying a possible source of your RRL, 3. It must be relevant to your topic. you can refer to the following characteristics below: 4. It must be in adequate numbers, not too few nor too many. 1. The sources that you should use must be new or recent as possible. 2. It must be unbiased and objective as possible. 3. It must be relevant to your topic.  b. By topic - This method of citation is used when a number of authors or sources gives the CITATION OF RELATED LITERATURE same information about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all Proper citation of a source is important of the authors. for you to avoid complications and problems on the authenticity of your Example: data once your paper is already published. Accordingly, research is... (Rio, 2000; Luna & Citation, in research, is defined as a Magsaysay, 2005). means of informing your readers that a certain information came from a c. Chronological - Citing literatures using the specific source and you just borrowed it chronological method involves sequencing the to widen the explanation of a certain information based on the year it was published. situation or data of your research. Example: Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: Yu (2005) states that... Ang (2007) discussed all about … a. In-text citation refers to all of the citations Chu (2010) deliberated regarding... that can be found in all of the chapters in your research paper. Citation of Related Literatures The commonly used information in this Citation Styles manner of citation are the following: Citations styles are referred to as the format of i. Author’s name the information needed during the citation. ii. Date of the publication of the source There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources, namely: iii. The page number where you found the information. a) American Psychological Association (APA) - In the in text- citation of author(s) of the commonly used when a researcher related literatures, three (3) guidelines should works in social science-related be considered, namely: researches. APA follows an author- date format, wherein, the needed a. 1. By author or writer - In this method of information for its in-text citation is the citation, all your data and information, facts, author’s surname and the year of ideas or principles from your sources are publishing. discussed or explained separately. APA follows different formats for Examples: varying authors and its number. Cruz (2002) states that research is... b) Modern Language Association (MLA)- Dela Torre (2005) described conduct of research as...  one commonly used citation style in The format of the citation styles as discussed research papers which concerns in by Torneo and Clamor-Torneo (2017) are as liberal arts and humanities. Unlike APA, follows: MLA follows an author page format, wherein authors’ surname and the page 1. APA Citation Style -When using the APA number where it could be found is Citation style, referencing list is found at needed. the end of the paper. It commonly contains all information of the literatures that are cited in c) Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) the paper. When following the APA format, all presents two basic documentation references are listed alphabetically according to systems: a) notes and bibliography and their surnames. Some reminders when using b) author-date. The use of the two the APA format is given below: documentation systems differ from the subject matter and the sources cited. a. You should use a hanging indention. All lines, except the first one, must be indented by 0.5 b.1. Referencing list refers to the bibliography from the left. and/or references of your research paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of b. When writing the author’s name, surname your sources. must come first before the given name. Information needed in making the referencing Given name must be represented by initials. list involves the following: When there are two or more authors, ellipses must be used to separate them. i. Author’s name c. The first word of the title must be capitalized. ii. Date of the publication of the source. Other necessary publication information, major words and proper noun should follow the same iii. The page number where you found the format. Attached as part of your learning information. materials are guidelines of making a referencing list using the APA format iv. Publisher 2. MLA Citation Style- The MLA citation style v. Place of Publishing commonly needs a Works Cited page on a different page at the end of the research. All vi. Volume cited literatures in the body of the research must be cited in the Works Cited. The list of the vii. Edition authors must be arranged alphabetically by its surnames. viii. Other relevant information 3. CMS Citation Style- In using the CMS Citation Referencing lists is another means of citing Style in making references, the sources will be literature. Commonly, this list is noted in the arranged alphabetically, through the author’s references/bibliography section of the paper. last name. The Reference list in CMS is termed Each citation style follows different format as “Bibliography”. Bibliography must include all in making a referencing list. the cited literatures in the research body. In presenting your review of related literature, As a researcher, you must also take note that the following states are recommended to your research paper must be presented in a showcase coherency. formal and academic manner. Writing must be kept clear and concise. Objectivity must be 1. There appears to be strong evidence that... observed and respect for others works should be exercised. 2. The literature has shown... The following are characteristics of a good 3. The foregoing literatures have shown... literature review: 4. The data supporting the hypothesis are... a. Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that are related to your research Another pointer in crafting a coherent review of topic. related literature is to use an index card. Index card is one, if not the most handy and effective b. Concise- ideas must be presented research tool that will help you in organizing economically. your information for this chapter. c. Logical- the flow of ideas and information Here’s how to use your index cards. must be based on logic. It should be smooth-flowing. 1. Make a separate card for each source. d. Developed- your RRL must be composed of 2. Give each source a racking number. full and complete information. 3. For a book, include the author, title, date and e. Integrative- in instances of combining place of publication and publisher. information, link between these ideas must be evident. The contribution of the reviewed 4. For a periodical, also include the page materials on the topic must also be shown. numbers of the article. f. Current- researchers must only use the new 5. For a website, include the title, the sponsors and trendy information about a research topic. and authors or editors, if known; the site and date when it was created or updated and the date when you access the site. In using an index card, you must see to it that you have the following information: 1. Where you found the information 2. Topic 3. Paraphrased information found 4. Page you found the fact on/from