PR1-Reviewer.docx.pdf

Week 1 1.) Is the male a better caregiver than the Inquiry – the quest for truth, information, or female? knowledge through questioning. 2.) Who is more likely to do impulsive buying? Inquiry is important in the constr...

Week 1 1.) Is the male a better caregiver than the Inquiry – the quest for truth, information, or female? knowledge through questioning. 2.) Who is more likely to do impulsive buying? Inquiry is important in the construction Male or Female? of new knowledge and resolution of 3.) Can plastic material be a replacement for problems and issues. concrete materials? It is a learning process that motivates a 4.) What waste products can be used for person to obtain knowledge or manufacturing hollow blocks? information about people, things, places, or events. Non-Scientific – establish truth and already has Inquiry as a problem-solving technique an answer includes cooperative learning. Examples: 1.) Do you know how to ride a bike? Importance: 2.) Is it going to rain today? aids in constructing an understanding 3.) What is the USL SHS policy about the use of of the world cellphones in the classroom? provides generation and transmission of 4.) Why do we need to eat? knowledge 5.) If x=2, then what is x+6? seeks to develop higher order information literacy and critical thinking INQUIRY VS RESEARCH skills Inquiry is looking for information mainly BENEFITS OF INQUIRY BASED through asking various questions while LEARNING: Research involves examining and elevates interpretative thinking through experimenting in order to discover or modify graphic skills existing knowledge, or identify application on improves student learning abilities what has been known. widens learner’s vocabulary increases social awareness and cultural What is Research? knowledge It is the acquisition of new knowledge encourages cooperative learning through a purposive, organized and designed program of activities. OUTCOMES OF INQUIRY: It is also a systematic inquiry that uses provides practical knowledge of the disciplined methods to answer world questions and solve problems. provides different ways of viewing the Its goal is to improve the quality of life. world, communicating about it, and successfully coping with the questions What to look for in the Research Process: and issues of everyday life. - new ideas - improve certain processes SCIENTIFIC AND NON-SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY - created something useful out of something old Scientific – undergoes a systematic process of - explain a series of observations investigation and data collecting - look for something in different perspective - generalizable and reproducible Examples: CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION  TYPES OF RESEARCH translated to something useful to humankind. It Basic Research – systematic study directed alleviates people’s quality of life toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of Improve/Advancement – gain relevant observable facts without specific applications experiences that enhance and deepen towards processes or products in mind. their knowledge. Examples: 1.) A study looking at how alcohol FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH consumption impacts the brain. Exploration – provides a foundation for future 2.) A study to discover the components studies. Research is called exploratory making up human DNA. investigations. May also explore other 3.) A study accessing whether stress levels perspective or other processes aside from what make people more aggressive. is currently known Applied Research – a type of examination Description – To give additional information on looking to find practical solutions for existing newly discovered ideas that are results problems. This research type uses empirical of exploration. Fills in the details and gaps methodologies, such as experiments, to collect regarding a particular idea, with the intent to further data in an area of study. Applied expand understanding. research focuses on answering one specific question for a client or sponsor. It's a type of Explanation – It is imperative for research to research method for applying natural sciences understand why these came into existence. to real life to improve the human condition. Connection between ideas to advance the body Examples: of knowledge. Look at how things are connected 1.) A study on how to improve illiteracy in and how they interact. teenagers 2.) A study looking for ways to market products CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH for millennials Realistic – Research Is a realistic undertaking 3.) A study trying to decrease fraud on social that must result in empirical data. media platforms Empirical Data- Are those derived from AIMS OF RESEARCH: actual observations of a phenomenon, Validate – Verifying or proving the veracity of interviews of people who have existing theories or knowledge. This witnessed an incident, analysis of first verification may lead to the development of hand document sources and actions new ideas, strengthening a current knowledge, that yield valid evidence of one’s or debunking a theory. investigation. Produce – Acquisition new knowledge or Logical – Research follows valid, definite information. Research brings forth new ideas principles, frameworks, and procedures. Failure regarding a theory or even create a totally new To follow these procedures correctly may yield theory. invalid and unreliable outcomes. Utilize/Application – Once innovation or new Cyclical – It Starts with a problem and ends with ideas are proven. They are utilized and another. As Soon as a research question CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION is answered, other questions may rise. This RESEARCH PROBLEM (RESEARCH Process continues until such time that a purified body of knowledge is attained GAP) ❖The research problem articulates the gap of Analytical – After employing strictly and your study. correctly the predetermined procedure ❖It will directly speak about how you will and gathering empirical data, the latter must be establish your purpose statement. analyzed to elicit the desired meaning from the ❖As Locke, et. Al (2000) had said, this is obtained information. somehow saying “why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish.” Objective – Objectivity Is defined as lack of bias or prejudice. Step 2: Critical – Careful And Precise In processing ideas REVIEW THE LITERATURE and judgment. In This way high confidence can ❖Literature review is a critical analysis of be established on the execution of research scholarly articles or a published body of procedures knowledge. ❖ After identifying the research problem, the Replicable – Research Procedures must be next step is to review the existing research. written clearly and chronologically for it to be replicable Step 3: Formulating A Hypothesis 7 STEPS IN DOING A RESEARCH Hypothesis – is the intelligent guess and the concrete generalization Step 1: Conceptualizing your research STEPS IN FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS According to Aurini, et. Al 1. DEFINE VARIABLES ○ Whatever your goals are, they (2016),conceptualization is the art need to be clearly defines, and practice of discovery, is the first quantifiable, and measurable and the most difficult part of 2. STUDY IN-DEPTH THE VARIABLES research. ○ An in-depth study, rigorous Identifying topic and the problem of questions,and data of rewards your study. increase reading achievement will make you able to confirm RESEARCH TOPIC your hypothesis. Specify After you had identified a potential topic, you dependent and independent might want to ask yourself the following variables questions: Independent Variables A. Does the topic interest you? - the cause a factor that causes changes to the B. Do you know enough about your dependent variable topic? - not influenced by any other variables C. Is the study feasible in the study CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION Dependent Variable STEP 7: - the effect a factor that changes because of REPORTING RESEARCH FINDING the independent variable This is the final phase of the research -Its Value depends on changes in the process independent variable describe the research study’s relevance determine how they are related to past 3. SPECIFY THE NATURE OF research findings RELATIONSHIP ○ Identify what relationship there exists WEEK 3 between the variables. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES: Honesty – Strive For honesty in all scientific 4. IDENTIFY STUDY POPULATION communications. Honestly Report data, results, ○ The population in research we mean methods and procedures, and publication the entire group of individuals is going status. Do Not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent to study. data. 5. MAKE SURE VARIABLES ARE TESTABLE Objectivity – avoid Bias in experimental design, ○ Variables in your hypothesis must be data analysis, data interpretation, peer- review, testable. testable variables can only be personal decisions, grant writing, expert accepted or rejected. testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid Or STEP 4: RESEARCH DESIGN minimize bias or self-deception ❖ Research design will dictate how the research materials will be collected. Integrity – Keep Your promises and agreements; ❖ the function of research design is to Act with sincerity; Strive for consistency of provide a plan on “how” to conduct thought and action. your research using a particular Research Methodology Carefulness – Avoid Careless errors and negligence; Carefully and critically examine your own work. Keep Good records of research STEP 5: activities such as data collection, research CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH PROJECT design, and correspondence with agencies. you will proceed to collecting data and recording information At this point, Openness – Share data, results, ideas, tools, or practical challenges may develop resources. Be Open to criticism and new In order to gather necessary and ideas. relevant information for study, you must be familiar with effective data collection Respect for Intellectual Property – Honor strategies. patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished STEP 6: data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where the credit is due. Give proper PREPARING RESEARCH RESULT acknowledgement or credit for all so in order to report your findings, contributions to research. Never plagiarize. interpret your research findings CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION Confidentiality – Protect Confidential - including his or her values, communications and personal information of belief, like, dislikes your respondents, if any. Active, Powerful and Forceful – As You go Social Responsibility – Strive To promote social through the research process as a good and prevent or mitigate social harms researcher, you find the need to amend or through research, public education, and rephrase interview questions and advocacy consider varied ways of getting answers, like shifting from mere speculating to Competence – Maintain And improve your own traveling to places for data gathering professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning. Multiple Research Approaches and Methods – Qualitative Research allows you to approach or Legality – Know And obey relevant laws and plan your study in varied ways. Being a institutional and government policies. multi-method research, a qualitative study applies to all research types: descriptive, Animal Care – Show Proper respect and care for exploratory, explanatory, case study, etc. animals when using them in research. Do Not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed Specificity of Generation – Specific Ideas in animal experiments. Qualitative research is directed to general understanding of something Human Subjects Protection – When Conducting -.It follows an inductive or scientific method of research on human subjects, minimize harms thinking where you start thinking of particular and risks and maximize the benefits; Respect or specific concepts that will eventually lead you human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; Take to more complex ideas such as generalization or special precautions with vulnerable conclusions. populations; And strive to distribute the - benefits and burdens of research fairly. Contextualization – Qualitative Research involves all variables, factors, or conditions WEEK 4 affecting the study. Your Goal here is to ❖ Qualitative Research is an act of inquiry or understand human behavior. investigation of real-life events (Silverman, - Thus, It is crucial for you to examine the 2013 ; Ltchman, 2013; Walliman, 2014). context or situation of an individual life− the who, why, how, and other circumstances− ❖ In Qualitative research, the reality is affecting his or her way of life. conditioned by society and people’s intentions are involved in explain in Diversified Data in Real-Life Situations- cause-effect relationships. Qualitative Research prefers collecting data in a natural setting like observing people as they CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE live and work, analyzing photographs or videos as they genuinely appear to people, and looking RESEARCH at classrooms unchanged or adjusted to Human Understanding and Interpretation – people’s intentional observations. Data analysis results show an individual’s mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world. CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION Abounds with Words and Visuals – More Words Content and Discourse Analysis – a method come in big quantities in this kind of research. that requires an analysis or examination of the Data Gathering through interviews or library substance or content of the mode of reading, as well as the presentation of data communication (letters, books,journals, photos, analysis results is done verbally. video recording, SMS, online messages, emails, - Likewise, presenting people’s world audio-visual materials, etc.) Used by a person or views through visual presentation (i.e., group, organization, or any institution in pictures, videos, drawings, and graphs) communicating. are significantly used in qualitative research. Historical Analysis – Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary Internal Analysis – you examine the data documents to make you understand the yielded by the internal traits of the subject connection of past events to the present time. individuals (i.e., emotional, mental, spiritual - The results of your content analysis will characteristics). You Study people’s perception help you specify phenomenological or views about your topic, not the effects of changes in unchanged aspects of their physical existence on your study. society through the years. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Grounded Theory – takes place when you Case Study – usually takes place in the field or discover a new theory to underlie your study at social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation the time of data collection and analysis. centers, education, etc. this involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or ADVANTAGES OR STRENGTHS OF QUALITATIVE situation. It seeks to find answers to why such a RESEARCH thing occurs to the subject. - Adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which means that those Ethnography – Failing In the field of involved in the research understand anthropology, ethnography is the study of a things based on what they find particular cultural group to get a clear meaningful. understanding of its organizational set-up, - Promotes a full understanding of human internal operation, and lifestyle. behavior or personality traits or their - Example: how students react to the natural setting. evaluation of their academic - It is instrumental for positive societal performances. changes. - Engenders respect for people’s Phenomenology – refers To the study of how individuality as it demands the people find their experiences meaningful researchers' careful and attentive stand - Primary goal is to make people toward people’s world views. understand their experiences about - A way of understanding and death of loved ones, care for interpreting social interactions. handicapped persons, friendliness of - Increases the researcher’s interest in people, etc. in doing so, other people the study as it includes the researcher's will likewise understand the meanings experience or background knowledge in attached to their experiences interpreting verbal and visual data. CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION  - Offers multiple ways of acquiring and - uses measuring devices- advanced examining knowledge about something. digital or electronic instruments are used to measure or gather data from DISADVANTAGES of the field. - ensure an objective and accurate QUALITATIVE RESEARCH collection of data provided that these - Involves a lot of researcher’s are calibrated. subjectivity in data analysis. - It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES - Its open-ended questions yield “data OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH overload” that requires long-time Strengths – Data Collection using quantitative analysis. design is relatively faster and easier to do. It Is - It is time-consuming especially useful given a large sample or - Involves several processes, which population, because it could speedily generate results greatly depend on the accurate, precise and credible results. researcher’s views or interpretations. Weaknesses – statistical aspects of quantitative WEEK 5 study may be too technical for average readers Quantitative Research – process of adhering to to comprehend. Another Critique about a numerical data that later on will be collected, quantitative research design is too emphasis on analyzed, and interpreted. It is also refers to the statistical significance, disregarding the systematic empirical investigation of social importance of effects involved in the study. The phenomena via statistical, mathematical or Result might be too abstract and extensive for numerical data or computational techniques. direct application to particular local conditions Characteristics: and personages. - contains measurable variables- Age, number of children, educational status, Research Design – refers to the overall strategy and economic status. that you choose to integrate the - uses standardized research different components of the study in a instruments- questionnaire, polls or coherent and logical way, thereby, surveys. ensuring you will effectively address the - assumes a normal population research problem; It constitutes the distribution- large population, the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and numbers of which depend on how the analysis of data. Note That your research characteristics of the population vary. problem determines the type of design you can - presents data in tables, graphs or use, not the other way around. figures- tables, graphs or figures that consolidate large numbers of data to TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH show trends, relationships, or DESIGN differences among variables. I. Experimental – bases its research method on - uses repeatable method- to verify or a specific activity called experiment, in which a confirm the findings in another setting. test or examination of a thing under a - can predict outcomes- formula derived manipulated or controlled environment is done from data analysis can predict to determine the validity or truthfulness of such outcomes. CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION a thing. This Design involves two groups of relationship exists between or among subjects: The experimental group on which the them condition, treatment, or intervention is applied d.) Survey – describes the attitudes, and the control group that is not given any preferences, views, feelings, and other treatment or condition. behavioral patterns of a big number of A.) True Experimental Design – What people for arriving at a certain proves this as a true experimental conclusion about societal concerns and design is its random selection of issues. participants. It is a bias-free selection e.) Ex Post Facto – means “after the fact” that ensures objectivity of results. This and translates in Latin to “from a thing design is the best way to examine casual done afterward” relationships. - utilizes this meaning due to the fact B.) Quasi-Experimental – The term quasi that the independent variable is means partly, partially, pseudo, oral something that has already happened most. The non-adherence of this or something that cannot be research design to random selection of manipulated. The dependent variable participants is the reason it got the serves as the “afterward” aspect of the name, quasi-experimental research, ex post facto research, as it is affected which means research with the capacity by something that has already to yield findings that are seemingly or happened or a characteristic or trait more or less true. Prone to bias caused that cannot ethically or physically be by your purposive, rather than random controlled. selection of participants, WEEK 6 & 7 quasi-experimental design is capable of LITERATURE MATRIX TEMPLATE : establishing cause-effect relationships. II. NON-EXPERIMENTAL – is capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data; hence, this is often used in the field of social sciences. Unlike the experimental design that allows manipulation or control of some aspects of the research, non-experimental research design shuns controlling variables. Instead, it involves variables the way they 1st column – Bibliography: This column naturally exist on Earth. contains the source of the research article TYPES: read which is formatted following the APA 6th a.) Descriptive - depicts an image or a edition format. There are times that the citation picture of an individual or a group. is already given for a certain literature. You just b.) Comparative - states the difference or have to check if the citation style is APA. It similarities between or among people, should be arranged alphabetically, the same things, objects order under the References. c.) Correlative - shows the extent and direction of variables relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION 2nd Column – Objective: This contains the objective/Aim of the research study. 3rd Column – Delineating Factors or Variables: This contains the variables considered in the study. Most of the time, they are found in the key word of the abstract. Variables can also be identified from the statement of the research questions. 4th Column – Methods: The methods column contains the research design used in the study, the locale of the study, the respondents of the study, the instrument used in gathering the needed data, the procedure in gathering the needed data, and the data analysis or the statistical tools used in analyzing the gathered data. These elements are found in the Methods section of the research paper. This portion of the matrix should help you in understanding the findings of the research that you are reviewing. 5th Column– Major Findings: This contains the major findings of the investigation. It should answer the main objective of the study. 6th Column – Recommendation: This contains specific suggestions with regard to further research on the topic. CREATED BY: ANNDREU DOMINIQUE VALDEPENAS MODIFIED BY: YLO ORGANIZATION