549 Exam 2 PDF

549 Exam 2 1. Intense and prolonged exercise fatigue 2. Phosphagen system (know when each kick in) a. The body's quickest energy system. Uses creatine phosphate in muscle cells to produce ATP. It only lasts for quick bursts (sprinting/weight lifting). 3. Glycolysis and mitochondr...

549 Exam 2 1. Intense and prolonged exercise fatigue 2. Phosphagen system (know when each kick in) a. The body's quickest energy system. Uses creatine phosphate in muscle cells to produce ATP. It only lasts for quick bursts (sprinting/weight lifting). 3. Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration a. Know when they kick in and when they are used i. 100 mt sprint- phosphagen system (lasts up to 10 seconds) or glycolysis (glycolysis lasts up to 2 minutes using glucose for ATP) ii. Marathon/ longer endurance- mitochondrial 4. Intensity of train a. High intensity- burn carbs b. Low intensity- burn fats 5. Citric acid (TCA) cycle a. Produces nadh/ fadh b. Generates ATP 6. What affects hormone potency? a. Hormone half life b. Beiding carrying proteins (sex hormone binding globulin and albumin) c. Receptor concentration d. Receptor affinity e. 1st pass effect in the liver f. Exposure (area under the curve) 7. What does Carnitine do? a. Facilities the influx of long chain fatty acids into the mito matrix where they enter b-oxidation during energy metabolism b. Found mostly in meats and dairy products (95% located in muscle cells) 8. What would an ergogenic aid do to improve performance a. Acts as a central or peripheral NS b. Stimulant that improves performance from the facilitated use of fat as an exercise fuel, this sparing the body's limited carbohydrate reserves c. Proposed mechanisms d. Can act directly on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues e. Indirectly by epinephrine which inhibits adenosine receptors on adipocytes. This increases cyclic amp which activates hormone sensitive lipases to promote lipolysis. This conserves muscle glycogen benefiting high intensity endurance exercise f. As little as 5 mg/kg is useful g. Can also cause unnecessary fluid loss affecting exercise performance h. Effect on fluid loss is lessened when consumed during exercise because catecholamine release in exercise greatly reduces renal blood flow and exercise enhances renal solute reabsorption and consequently water conservation 9. Androstenedione- converts estrone → increased breast tissue (gynecomastia)  a. Steroid hormone b. Precursor to testosterone and estrogen 10. Caffeine improve performance Stimulant that facilitates use of fat as an exercise fuel (increases lipolysis) which spares body’s limited carb reserve. 11. HMB (ergogenic) a. A metabolite that helps increase muscle mass and strength and decrease muscle damage (inhibits protein catabolism) b. Increase in total body strength, increase in fat free body mass 12. How does blood doping improve performance? a. Increases red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels by as much as 8-20% b. Increased endurance and oxygen carrying capacity c. Increased blood viscosity, can increase risk for stroke 13. How does EPO (erythropoietin) improve performance? (does all of the following except…) a. EPO is a naturally occurring hormone that regulates blood cell production within the marrow of long bones b. May increase hemoglobin and hematocrit as much as 12% c. Improves endurance performance and has been widely used by cyclists 14. What percentage of gluconeogenesis is formed in the liver? a. 90% of glucose is formed in the liver b. 10% in the kidneys c. Formation of new glucose d. Does NOT occur in muscle 15. If glycogen is depleted during exercise, what would happen? a. fat metabolism and protein metabolism increase b. Glycogen lasts for about 2 hours of steady state exercise 16. Which factor contributes most to fatigue? a. hydrogen ions (protons) 17. When you break down a fat, what happens to the glycerol molecule? a. Fatty acids broken down via beta oxidation b. Glycerol goes through glycolysis 18. Most important function in the citric acid cycle a. Carbon skeletons are oxidized as intermediates in the citric acid cycle for energy source 19. Where do amino acids catabolize a. the TCA cycle (not the glycolytic pathway) 20. Where do you get the most energy? (fat, glucose, or protein?) Fats (over 400 ATP from fat vs 36 from glucose) 21. End product of aerobic glycolysis Pyruvate, converted to acetyl coa in the mitochondria 22. Best way to maximize testosterone with training? (resistance training on testosterone in men) (10rm squat, 2 rm leg press?)  a. Resistance training: activation of large muscle groups, heavy RT, high volume training with less than 1 min rest intervals 23. What factors contribute to fatigue in prolonged exercise and in intense exercise? a. Decreased muscle glycogen b. Dehydration c. Muscle damage d. Electrolyte imbalances e. CNS f. Hypoglycemia g. Hyperthermia 24. What factors contribute to fatigue in intense exercise? a. Acidosis b. Increased NH3 c. Decreased [CrP] d. Electrochemical e. Cell phosphorylation potential f. CNS g. Increased Pi h. Increased [ADP] i. Decreased [ATP] 25. What process is responsible for breaking down fatty acids? a. Beta oxidation 26. What is oxygen deficit? a. The energy provided by CrP and glycolysis that supplements mitochondrial respiration (using ATP without O2) b. Influence of training and warmup 27. How long can phosphocreatine provide energy a. Up to 2 minutes but most of it is used within 30 secs 28. Respiratory quotation for carbohydrates, fats and proteins? a. CO2 goes out and O2 goes in i. >1 is carbs (high intensity) ii..7 is fats (low intensity) 29. Where do you store the most glycogen in the body? a. Muscles (some in liver) 30. What does carbohydrate ingestion do during exercise? a. CHO increases the absorption of water by the small intestine b. Ingestion spares muscle glycogen c. Solid and liquid are both beneficial in increasing blood glucose d. Benefits are independent and additive, this is for LONG bouts of exercise (2 hours or more) e. Electrolyte content does not increase CHO delivery to the body 31. What contributes to electrochemical fatigue?  a. Disruption of membrane potentials b. Negative charge from lactate molecule alters membrane potentials within the muscle fibers and sarcolemma 32. What stimulates glycogen phosphorylase? a. Glycogen phosphorylase is the enzyme that breaks down glycogen to glucose b. Stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine 33. What are the risks of anabolic steroids? a. Altered lipid profiles b. Neoplastic liver disease c. Acne d. Peliosis hepatis e. Hypertension f. Myocardial damage g. Impair thyroid function h. In men i. Testicular atrophy j. Gynecomastia k. Decrease sperm count l. Decreased LH, FSH (hypogonadal) m. In women n. Facial hair and voice deepening o. Menstrual irregularities p. Clitoral enlargement q. Decreased breast tissue 34. How is cholesterol important in steroid hormones a. Cholesterol forms base molecule of steroid hormones b. Membrane stability 35. Optimal approach for reducing body weight in a weight loss program a. Lower intensity is better for burning fat 36. Where does gluconeogenesis occur? a. Liver and kidneys 37. What does Carb supplementation during long term exercise do? a. CHO supplementation spares use of muscle glycogen b. Solid CHO and liquid are equally beneficial in increasing glucose c. After prolonged exercise the body uses liver gluconeogenesis to make more glucose d. Avoid glucose before exercise bc is can cause a spike and then a drop due to insulin release e. Scandinavian CHO loading regimen- i. 1 week before- reduce carbs and taper training ii. 3 days before- increase carb intake by 10% iii. Day before- rest, no training iv. Pre-event meal- eat 3 hours before  v. Post- event- consume carbs after exercise for optimal glycogen replenishment f. Helps with body uptake of electrolytes and decreases fatigue 38. What does caffeine do? a. Facilitates use of fat as fuel b. Acts directly on adipose and vascular tissue c. Activates hormone sensitive lipase to promote lipolysis (conserves muscle glycogen) 39. What does creatine do in creatine supplementation? a. Caffeine counteracts the effect of creatine b. It increases CrP in out blood i. Contributes to faster ATP turnover in short-term muscular effort ii. Delays depletion of CrP iii. Diminishes dependence on anaerobic glycolysis and decreases lactate iv. Increases protein synthesis and type 2 fibers c. It’s good for short bursts of muscular performance and delays onset of fatigue and increase training intensity 40. How long does muscle glycogen provide energy? (during high steady state exercise) a. 2 hours 41. Can resistance training increase testosterone in men? a. Yes, but typically temporarily 42. Can we convert carb to fat in normal dietary restrictions? a. No 43. What is McArdle's disease? a. myophosphorylase deficiency (the enzyme that breaks glycogen to glucose) b. Rare genetic muscle disorder c. Patients present with high muscle glycogen and no lactate production 44. Norm relative VO2 max value for a young woman and man a. 35-40 45. Where do you get the greatest amount of energy through metabolism? a. Mitochondrial respiration 46. Best method to determine training intensity using heart rate should include what? a. Maximum heart rate method and heart rate reserve? 47. Hormone response compared to trained and untrained individuals (absolute) a. Same relative intensity: greater hormone response in untrained b. Maximal exercise: should be same hormone response 48. Breakdown of fat (lipolysis) predominates under what conditions? (high intensity or prolonged exercise, low calorie diet/dieting) a. Under low intensity at a steady state 49. What system or pathway is responsible for ATP production? a. Mitochondrial respiration 50. How exercises influence fluid cognitive function? (exercise and brain lecture) a. Improves cognitive function (increases BF to the brain, growth of new neurons, reduces inflammation..) 51. What mechanism involve on how exercise influence fluid cognitive function? a. Exercise increases gray and white matter in the prefrontal and temporal cortex b. Improves fluid cognitive function i. Processing new info, learning and solving problems c. Similar benefits to aerobic training bc of increased IGF-1 d. Enhances executive function and processing speed e. Big link between physical activity and improved cognitive function 52. What does resistance training do for brain health? a. Improves mental health b. Lower risk of cognitive decline 53. Can aerobic exercise improve motor skill acquisition? (can it be improved) a. Boosts learning, neurogenesis and angiogenesis using growth factor cascades b. Increases hippocampus and caudate nucleus to improve memory and movement c. Increase in growth factors (IGF/BDNF) 54. What electrolytes are important for muscle contraction a. Calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium (and chloride) 55. How would you manage dehydration? (sport’s nutrition lecture) THX FOR HELPING HOE LOLL ofc a. Monitor weight: before and after workouts, replace each pound with 16-20 oz of water b. For mild temp days i. Before workout- 16-20 oz ii. Right before workout- 4-8 oz iii. Every 15-20 min during exercise- 8-10 oz iv. Replace fluid losses within 1 hour after workout 56. 57. 58. 59. PFK a. Intense- Glycolysis 60. Beta oxidation a. Process to break down lipids (fat) b. Long term- mitochondrial 61. Order of substrate utilization a. During low intensity exercise lipid predominates b. The reliance of CHO increases with increased exercise intensity c. When CHO becomes low, the use of lipid and AAs as substrates increases