5. Felids and Canids_parasites_T_LS_23-24.pdf

© https://wildanimalhealthfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Zoo-Animals-Banner.jpeg PARASITIC DISEASES OF EXOTIC,...

© https://wildanimalhealthfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Zoo-Animals-Banner.jpeg PARASITIC DISEASES OF EXOTIC, WILD AND ZOO ANIMALS 5. Wild Felids and Canids – Parasites Liliana Silva, DVM, MSc, PhD, DipEVPC [email protected] © https://howieswildlifeimages.com/2020/10/16/dogs-and-cats-in-the-midst/  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of FELIDS and CANIDS - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW - Nematodes - - Protozoa - Medicine Toxocara spp. Toxoplasma gondii Toxascaris spp. Sarcocystis spp. Degree in -Veterinary Ancylostoma spp. Cystoisospora spp. Uncinaria spp. Giardia spp. Trichuris vulpis Babesia spp. Capillaria spp. - Trematoda - Medicine Spirocerca lupi Master Opisthorchis felineus Ollulanus tricuspis Alaria alata Master Degree in Veterinary Dioctophyma renale Paragonimus spp. Angiostrongylus spp. Nanophyetus salmincola Aerulostrongylus spp. - Cestodes - Crenosoma spp. Taenia spp. Filaroides spp. Echinococcus spp. Dipylidium caninum Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Mesocestoides spp.  L. Silva, 2024 Parasites: Parasites of FELIDS and CANIDS - Zoonotic www.egasmoniz.com/pt - TO KNOW - TO KNOW Medicine - Arthropods - Degree in -Veterinary Mites Sarcoptes spp. Fleas Ctenocephalides spp. Notoedres spp. Otodectes spp. Demodex spp. Ticks Medicine Cheyletiella spp. Master Master Degree in Veterinary Lice Linignathus spp. Trichodectes spp. Felicola spp. Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Categories of populations according to contact with humans, health care access and exposure to parasites as consequence of predation www.egasmoniz.com/pt Wild Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine © https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-023-05670-y © https://wildanimalhealthfund.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Zoo-Animals-Banner.jpeg Wild animal wildlife “(…) an animal that has a phenotype unaffected by human selection and lives independent of direct human supervision or control.” (OIE, 2014) Feral animal Wildlife “(…) domestic animals that are not confined or under control.” “(…) all free-ranging animals, including native and exotic wildlife (USDA APHIS, 2022) species, as well as feral domestic animals.” (USDA APHIS, 2022) Adapted from M. Grilo, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Cystoisospora spp. (Coccidia) www.egasmoniz.com/pt Rodents Ruminant ingestion by Pig the final host paratenic host PV Cystoisospora canis Medicine Rabbit Dormozoites (in extraintestinal tissues) Cystoisospora burrowsi Cystoisospora ohioensis Degree in -Veterinary Merogony Cystoisospora felis Cystoisospora rivolta u.a. Medicine Oocyst: Master 2 Sporocysts (1) with je 4 Sporozoites (2) and Master Degree in Veterinary Sporogony Sporocystes residual bodies (3) 1 2 3 Gamogony Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Occurrence: - worldwide www.egasmoniz.com/pt - colonize cells of the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestine, caecum and colon Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Life cyle: à facultative heteroxen (also dormozoites in the paraten. host) Medicine à Dormozoites in: Cystoisospora spp. * Rodents (Mouse, Rat, Hamster) Degree in -Veterinary * Camel, cattle, sheep, rabbit (C. felis, C. rivolta) * Camel, Pig, Water buffalo (C. canis) * Pig, Water buffalo, Donkey (C. ohioensis) * Water buffalo (C. burrowsi) Infection: oral intake: - sporulierte Oozysten Medicine - Dormozoiten-haltige paratenische Wirte Master Master Degree in Veterinary unsporuliert unvollständig sporuliert sporuliert sporuliert Cystoisospora felis Cystoisospora felis Cystoisospora felis Cystoisospora rivolta  L. Silva, 2024 Clinic symptoms: - Mild infections usually asymptomatic - massive infections (especially young animals): www.egasmoniz.com/pt * watery diarrhea * Fever, Apathy, Anorexia Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen * Emaciation à death Medicine usually subsides after 1 week, immunity development Cystoisospora spp. Degree in -Veterinary Diagnose: - Detection of oocysts in faeces (flotation) (Differentiation possible only in some cases) Medicine Master Bekämpfung: - Sulfonamide + Trimethoprim Master Degree in Veterinary - Toltrazoril - Clazuril BUT: a 100% elimination of oocysts from the enclosures Resistant oocysts practically impossible! (despite regular removal of the faeces, disinfection, rodent control, avoidance of feeding raw meat, etc.)  L. Silva, 2024 Giardia duodenalis Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine © https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/3-s2.0-B9780123809209000328-f32-01-9780123809209.jpg  L. Silva, 2024 Giardia spp. www.egasmoniz.com/pt (Flagellates) Medicine Giardia duodenalis-Group (different genotypes) Degree in -Veterinary Occurrence: - worldwide - intestinal parasite - +++ juveniles - Hum., ZOONOSE Medicine Master Stages: - Trophozoites = vegetative form Master Degree in Veterinary - Cysts = resistant form Infection: - orally with cysts © https://beckeranimalhospital.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/giardia_process.png Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 www.egasmoniz.com/pt Giardia duodenalis assemblages Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine © https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1633457/FULLTEXT01.pdf - Adapted from (Garcia–R et al., 2017; Monis et al., 2009)  L. Silva, 2024 Giardia spp. www.egasmoniz.com/pt (Flagellates) Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Development: Giardia primarily colonizes the small intestine, Medicine Master in some cases also the large intestine Master Degree in Veterinary Propagation takes place by dividing it into two Cyst formation occurs mainly in the caecum Prepatency: 5-16 d Cyst excretion: intermittent for 4-5 weeks Trophozoite Cyst Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Giardia spp. www.egasmoniz.com/pt (Flagellates) Diagnosis: Medicine Detection of cysts in faeces: - SAF method - Flotation Degree in -Veterinary Antigen ELISA test (expensive!) Therapy: Fenbendazol Medicine Tinidazol Master Metronidazol Master Degree in Veterinary ZOONOSE! There are genotypes that occur in both humans and canids! The infection of humans usually occurs via contaminated drinking water or smear infectio.n Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Rare parasitoses in felids and canids kept in zoos Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Ollulanus tricuspis (Strongylida) www.egasmoniz.com/pt (Syn. O. suis O. skrabini) Medicine Occurrence: Parasite of stomach Degree in -Veterinary cat,lion, tiger, Cheetah, (rare in pigs, foxes and dogs) small Bursa Nematodes: Medicine Female: 0,8-1 mm x 40 µm Female Male Male: 0,6-0,8 mm x 35 µm Master Master Degree in Veterinary Life cycle: vivipar à free L3 develop directly to Tail appendages adults in the stomach (in 33-37 d) (4-5 tips) No migrations in the female à strong reproduction in the host no eggs or larvae in the faeces Transmission via vomit àL3, L4 und Adults are infectious Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Ollulanus tricuspis www.egasmoniz.com/pt Clinics: in cats of no significant importance Medicine à occasional vomiting, inappetence in large felids (massive infestation): Degree in -Veterinary - Months of indigestion - repeated vomiting - possibly Diarrhoea - greatly reduced food intake Medicine - rarely death Diagnosis: Master not through coprological procedures! Master Degree in Veterinary provoked vomitus (not so good, because not always induced; animals often lick up vomit) Gastric lavage under anesthesia + Baermann technique à separation of the worms from ingesta (Gastric lavage in cheetahs) Therapy: Hook Levamisol Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen Oxfendazol Porterior end females  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi (Spiruids) Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine ©https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-013-3284-8.pdf  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi (Spiruids) www.egasmoniz.com/pt Occurence: Medicine especially dogs, but also foxes, cats, wild felids and canids especially in warm countries (e.g. Southern Europe, USA, South America, Asia, Africa) Degree in -Veterinary à ~ 80% of dogs infected Highly pathogenic, especially for puppies Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt L. Silva, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi (Spiruids) www.egasmoniz.com/pt Life cycle: heteroxenous – intermediate host! Degree in -Veterinary Medicine 1. Adults in worm nodules in the wall of the distal esophagus, less often in the stomach or intestines 2. Eggs with L1 are excreted via vomit or feces 3. Coprophagous beetles as intermediate hosts à Evolution of L3 Medicine 4. Possible involvement of paratenic hosts (birds, reptiles, small mammals) Master 5. Infection of the final host via oral ingestion of the intermediate or paratenic host Master Degree in Veterinary 6. L3 in stomach wall 7. à Migration in wall from arteries to aorta (3. + 4. moult) 8. à Migration from the aorta into the esophagus* (near Cardia) 9. àReifung zu Adulten in Wand des Ösophagus * some migrate into thoracic organs (lungs, trachea, diaphragm, Lnn), and Abdominal organs (intestines, bladder, © https://www.troccap.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/S_lupi_fig3.jpg kidneys) or skin Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine ©https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3078901 35_Pathological_Alterations_in_Dogs_Resulting_from _Parasitism_by_Spirocerca_Lupi#fullTextFileContent Medicine Master Spirocerca lupi adults Master Degree in Veterinary Mostly blood-red Female 5-8 cm Male 3-5 cm hexagonal mouth cephalic papillae (arrows) cervical papilla (arrow head) Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Spirocerca lupi www.egasmoniz.com/pt Aneurysma, Aorta Medicine Pathogenesis: Degree in -Veterinary tumor-like nodules (up to several centimetres) à mainly in the distal esophagus, less often in the stomach or intestinal wall or other organs à purulent-crumbling mass + worms as content Medicine à Obstruction, perforation of the esophagus Master Oesophagus Master Degree in Veterinary Aortic lesion, Aneurysms up to rupture Spondylitis/spondylosis of the thoracic vertebrae Formation of tumors (Fibrosarcome, Osteosarcome) à relationship is statistically proven à other noxious agents might be involved Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen L. Silva, 2024  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi www.egasmoniz.com/pt © https://www.semanticscholar.org/reader/b8e322f4d11c2eb5b7020d6caafe1bd4e83aa45a Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Clinical signs: Dysphagia (swalling problems), Choke, Vomit Medicine Digestive problems Master Shortness of breath Master Degree in Veterinary Emaciation Acute Death (Aneurysma) Lateral conventional radiograph of the cervical esophagus shows a radiopaque structure with soft tissue density dorsal to the cricoid cartilage and air in the cranial esophagus. Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Spirocerca lupi www.egasmoniz.com/pt Medicine Diagnosis: Degree in -Veterinary Cinical signs + Radiology + Oesophagoscopy Detection of eggs in feces Medicine Master Master Degree in Veterinary Therapy: Surgical removal of the nodules Spirocerca lupi eggs: 22-37 x 11-15 µm àMilbemycin oxime? relatively thick-skinned Contain Larve 1 Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Lungworms www.egasmoniz.com/pt Degree in -Veterinary Medicine Crenosoma vulpis à wild canids, seldom cats Filaroides sp. à Dog, foxes, other wild canids Oslerus rostratus à cats, wild cats Medicine Master Angiostrongylus vasorum à some fox species Master Degree in Veterinary Aerulostrongylus abstrusus à cats Capillaria aerophila à foxes, wild canids, dog, cats, Humans Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  L. Silva, 2024 Lungworms www.egasmoniz.com/pt Localisation Life cycle Infective stage Medicine Capillaria Bronchi monoxen L3 in Egg aerophila Paratenic hosts Degree in -Veterinary (Earthworms) Filaroides sp. Lung parenchyma monoxen L1! (Alveoli, Bronchioles) Oslerus sp. Lung parenchyma heteroxen L3 Medicine (Alveoli, Bronchioles) paraten. hosts Master (Rodents, Birds) Master Degree in Veterinary Aerulostrongylus Lung parenchyma heteroxen L3 abstrusus (Alveoli, Bronchioles) paraten. hosts (Rodents, Reptiles) Angiostrongylus Arteria pulmonalis heteroxen L3 vasorum right heart Crenosoma vulpis Trachea heteroxen L3 Bronchi Adapted from C. Hermosilla, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen  Master Master Degree in Veterinary Medicine Degree in -Veterinary Medicine www.egasmoniz.com/pt BREAK