Mastitis Control 2021 (PDF)

Monitoring Mastitis What’s going on down the farm? Prof. RF Smith and Dr. JS Duncan Division of Livestock Health and Welfare To Do before next mastitis week • Need to consolidate the presentations as seems to be bits on PCR etc on each presentation. • Got to QuarterPro in 50 mins Monitoring/ Inv...

Monitoring Mastitis What’s going on down the farm? Prof. RF Smith and Dr. JS Duncan Division of Livestock Health and Welfare To Do before next mastitis week • Need to consolidate the presentations as seems to be bits on PCR etc on each presentation. • Got to QuarterPro in 50 mins Monitoring/ Investigating Mastitis How can you or the farmer know: 1) how much clinical mastitis there is on a farm, 2) how much sub-clinical mastitis, 3) what are the main pathogens causing problems ? A lot of information may be available Monitoring/ Investigating Mastitis 1. In parlour monitoring  Fore milking  Clinical Signs  In line filters   Individual Main milk filter  California mastitis test 2. Clinical case records Date Cow Number Days calved Quarter Treatment 1/2/13 123 5 Back left First line tube X 3. Somatic Cell Counts 4. Bulk Tank Bactoscan CMT at 7 days ICSSC at next recording Monitoring/ Investigating Mastitis 5. Bacteriology  Bulk Tank Bacteriology  Individual Bacteriology  Bacteriology from high cell count cows 6. Multiplex PCR 11 pathogens and Staph penicillinase gene (Bla Z) Mycoplasma or yeast not included in all versions Preservative so no overgrowth of contaminants Semi-quantitative PCR vs bacteriology       92 % PCR vs 70 % bacterial culture 30 % no growth in culture 79% of these have PCR positive aetiological agent Mixed infection of two or more mastitis pathogens more commonly identified by PCR. Culture-negative samples due to undetected Staphylococcus aureus infections were rare. Microbiome analysis in the future? Monitoring Mastitis      Not all farms will have all information Know what is available to you and the farmer How to get best information out of it Advise what information it would be good to have and why to the farmer Know what the farmer could have – Arla farmers all are daily bulk tank testing – they (and you) can get In Parlour Monitoring       Fore Milking Visual changes in the udder/cow Teat/udder feel Cow response to palpation Californian Mastitis Test In Line Detectors   Filters Electrical Clinical examination?    Palpate udder, Supramammary lymph nodes Teat ends Clinical examination?  Mammary signs of systemic disease  Photosensitisatio n     Plant ingestion Mycotoxicosis Liver disease Mycoplasma wenyonii Clinical Case Records Monitoring to manage SCC and clinical mastitis Clinical Case Records  Number of clinical cases per 100 cows/ year   % of herd affected - annual incidence     Target is <10 High recurrence rates suggest Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus uberis or Problems with therapy Seasonality   Target is <20 % recurrence rate (repeat cases)   Target is <30 UK average? 45-65 Environmental when housed, contagious all year round Stage of lactation Milking cow tube usage per 100 cows per Huge range in incidence of mastitis on farm Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales -- Bradley et al. The Veterinary Record (2007) 160 (8): 253 NMR Median Bulk Milk SCC 171,000 Top 25% = 153,000 Top 10% = 95,000 ANNUAL PATTERN OF MASTITIS CASES 35 NO NO OF OF CLINICAL CLINICAL CASES CASES 30 25 20 15 repeat cases R 10 5 0 MONTH clinical cases Mastitis in first 10 days post calving Type of bacteria Survey of the incidence and aetiology of mastitis on dairy farms in England and Wales -- Bradley et al. The Veterinary Record (2007) 160 (8): 253 Typical Bulk Tank Cell Count Penalties Drinking Milk Contract Three months' geometric mean cell count '000/ml 0 - 200 225 - 250 251 – 300 301 – 400 401 + Milk Price Adjustment pence per litre Base -0.25 -1.75 -6.0 -20.0 Milk exceeding 250,000 will be excluded from the Supermarket supply until under 250,000 for 3 months Can SCC be too low? Higher bull milk SCC = more cows with high SCC = more infection to pass to others SCC and herd size in US 2020         Individual Cow Cell Counts 50+% of herds regular sampling or monitoring of individual cow cell counts, monthly basis NMR/CIS/QMMS Monthly Average- outbreaks of infection Rolling average – sub clinical infection trend Seasonality Age Severity of problem Identifies high cell count cows in herd, identifies chronically infected, stage of lactation Use to plan strategies for individual problem INTERPRETATION OF INDIVIDUAL CELL COUNTS Under 100,000 cells/ml No infection likely 100-200,000 cells/ml Likely One Infected Quarter with minor pathogen INFECTED QUARTER NOT IDENTIFIED Over 200,000 cells/ml Infected Quarter with major pathogen INFECTED QUARTER NOT IDENTIFIED High SCC mastitis => Clinical (1st recording) Low SCC heifers Low SCC older cows High SCC heifer High SCC older cows Individual contribution to bulk tank SCC INDIVIDUAL CELL COUNT DATA COWS > 200,000 Cow no Lactation number Days calved Lactation average No > 200,000 Dec Jan Feb Current reading % of bulk 0167 2 98 2133 2 185 104 1144 5213 11 0035 5 232 1271 2 173 240 3101 3498 7 0060 3 101 3861 5 4300 3300 4333 3385 8 0113 4 49 351 1 114 620 2 0209 4 270 126 1 184 386 1 189 3 215 630 512 2 0114 1 125 94 235 323 2 X 103 107 103 160 98 Individual contribution to bulk tank SCC Re-calculate bulk tank SCC Lactating cow performance Cell count pattern classification Cell count pattern classification Monthly herd performance QMMS Quality Milk Manager on farm software Milking new infection rate Quality Milk Manager on farm software Chronic infection rate Fate of cows with SCC > 200,000 On this farm 50% cleared the infection 50 % did not 25% deteriorate We do not know if treated If data not acted on then other cows will become infected Fate of cows with SCC > 200,000 After back flush installed – different infections? Dry cow performance Were uninfected cows successfully protected during the dry period? Were infected cows successfully treated during the dry period? Cell count pattern classification Dry cow performance last 300 day over Dry cow performance last 300 day over Quality Milk Manager on farm software Dry Period infection rate QMMS Udder Health Action List Monitoring to manage SCC and clinical mastitis Herd High Cell Count Problem  Contagious pathogens     Staph aureus, Strep uberis, Strep agalactiae, Strep dysgalactiae Quick fixes Strategies for dealing with individual cows Need mastitis investigation to identify main problems Quick Fixes       Bulk milk cell count > 400,000 per ml farmer under threat of dairy not collecting milk any longer Prevent milk from high cell count cows from entering tank Identify them 1) From individual NMR/CIS/QMMS records 2) At milking time perform California Mastitis Test on all quarters from all cows. Positive cows (>300,000 any quarter) Dump milk from identified cows NOT TO ENTER bulk tank HIGH CELL COUNT PROBLEM IDENTIFY PROBLEM COWS 1) INDIVIDUAL COW CELL COUNT RECORDS 2) CMT IN PARLOUR 3) ? FARM HISTORY KEEP MILK FROM TANK IF REQUIRED CULTURE AND SENSITVITY TAIL TAPE SEPARATE GROUP, DISINFECT CLUSTERS KNOW PATHOGENS TREAT, CULL OR DRY OFF HCC COWS MASTITIS INVESTIGATION FOR UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS Treatment Plans for Chronic High Cell Count Cows  Identify pathogen 1. Treat during lactation according to culture and sensitivity  Extended courses of intra-mammary therapy for Staph aureus and Strep uberis e.g. cloxacillin 6 days (Staph aureus, Streptococcus uberis)  Systemic e.g tylosin, penethamate  Mini blitz – all high cell count cows together as a group and treat according to culture and sensitivity Treatment Plans for Chronic High Cell Count Cows 2. Dry off and treat - better bacteriological cure rate.  Dry cow intra-mammary antibiotic and systemic antibiotic e.g. tylosin plus appropriate intra-mammary 3. Cull chronically infected, older cows Bactoscan  Actual count of bacterial numbers in milk Bacteria growing in milking plant (poor plant cleaning)  High levels of mastitis (clinical or subclinical mastitis)  Dirty udders/teats     poor housing poor teat preparation Carried out by milk processor company (NML) Hygienic quality of the milk Typical Bactoscan Two month mean Milk Price Bactoscan Adjustment '000/ml pence per litre 0 - 30 base 31 - 50 -0.25 50 - 75 -1.25 75 - 100 -2.0 100 - 250 -4.0 250 + -8.0 k exceeding 50,000 will be excluded from the permarket supply until under 50,000 for 3 mon Raised Bactoscan Problem      Poor housing hygiene Poor premilking teat preparation High levels of mastitis on the farm Poor plant cleaning Take a milk sample from the bulk tank for Bulk Milk Bacteriology – good indicator identifying where problems are Bacteriology   Bulk Tank Bacteriology Individual Cow Bacteriology Bulk Milk Bacteriology     Very useful for identifying problems in herds with too high bactoscan figures Useful is a first line investigation Milk from mastitic cows may not be included Transported on ice - kept cold Bulk Tank Bacteriology              Total bacterial Count Cell Count LPC thermoduric count and pseudomonas assess cleanliness of plant Coliform count assess environmental contamination indicate standard of pre- milking teat preparation Total Staphlococcal count CNS and Staph. Aureus Staph aureus Staph. Aureus burden in the herd Identify other pathogenic bacteria Strep uberis, Strep dysgalactiae, Strep agalactiae Bulk Milk Bacteriology  Layout of reports vary Reports shown in practical tomorrow  During rotations  During EMS  Mastitis Bacteriology    Bulk Tank Clinical Cases High Cell Count Cows   Individual Cow Bacteriology Which cows should be sampled? All clinical cases     High cell count cows –identify infected quarter first Do culture and sensitivity Main Problems      Freeze and submit problem cows Contaminated samples and Some pathogens only intermittently shed e.g Staphylococcus aureus – no growth No growth cow - had antibiotic treatment Repeat sampling Multiplex PCR – less “no growth”? Milk Sample Collection Provide farmer with instructions and a kit 1. Wear gloves. 2. Clean and disinfect and dry the teat 3. Discard 10-15 ml of foremilk. 4. Clean each teat end and orifice for 15-20 seconds with a cotton wool swab which has been soaked in 70% alcohol. 5. Sample close teats then far away ones to avoid contamination 6. Keep the sample container as close as possible to the horizontal, do not overfill it and do not touch its rim; 7. Teat-dip afterwards  Bacteriology Interpretation      Pure growth of bacteria- causal – good collection technique! Major pathogen + minor pathogen – major pathogen causal More than one major pathogen – mixed aetiology More than three bacteria present – contaminated sample? – repeat No growth - Intermittently shed or had antibiotics – repeat. At least farmer got an clean sample! Fourth ECBHM WebSeminar Mastitis Ynte Schukken 2012 End AHDB Dairy Mastitis Control Plan Mastitis management and QuarterPRO Derek Armstrong AHDB Outcome of Industry meeting • DMCP team to prepare a proposal for a mastitis control initiative • AHDB Dairy Mastitis Control Plan (DMCP) approach part of initiative • AHDB Mastitis Control Plan (DMCP) seen as “Gold Standard “ approach to mastitis control • but desire for an “entry-level” scheme more “easily accessible” to ALL dairy farms. • DMCP team developed initiative to be called “QuarterPRO”, • Outline of scheme presented at BCVA October 2018 (Green et al, 2018). • AHDB assist with roll-out - launch to farmers now planned for DairyTech Feb 2020. What’s novel about QuarterPRO? • Biggest challenge in mastitis control • understanding origin of intramammary infections - the “herd mastitis pattern” • allows control measures to be focussed where they will be most effective. When most cows get infected Where most infection was picked up from Environmental dry period Dry period Environment Environmental lactation Lactation Environment Contagious Lactation Other cows Herd mastitis pattern • Requires detailed interpretation of Clinical Mastitis and SCC data • “Mastitis Pattern Analysis Tool” (PAT) developed and validated to quickly and easily evaluate and categorise herd mastitis patterns Pattern Analysis Tool: How does it work in practice? Herd Data MRO, on-farm software Output: HERD MASTITIS PATTERN Automated conversion of data from CDL 3 seconds File imported into analytic tool Developing the Pattern Analysis Tool SCC data % chronic ICT D E PR % dry period cures PRED ICT % lactation new IMI Bulk tank SCC n w o n K Herd s n r e t t a P E PR C DI T Dry period origin (1 st 30 day index rate) PR ED IC Clinical Mastitis Data Mastitis PREDICT rate (cow and quarter) T Heifer data # calving DICT PRE % dry period new IMI PREDICT >200,000 cells/ml @ 1st test Proportion with clinical mastitis <30 days calved T IC ED R P Lact period origin (> 30 day index rate) Data quality assessment Output Additional Information dairy.ahdb.org.uk/mastitis-pattern-tool Measure Monitor Optimise Have things changed? Decide on changes and ACT!! Four times a year check herd mastitis and cell count records QuarterPRO When do cows get infected? Where do new infections come from? Environmen t Lactation Heifers What to do? Use information and resources. Mastitis Pattern Analysis Tool Environmen t Dry Period Cow-to-cow Contagious Recurrence Seasonality Identify key Management Areas PREDICT Review Clinical Mastitis and Somatic Cell Count data. Use Mastitis Pattern Analysis Tool, to predict the most important udder health issues on farm in next quarter. Resources: QMMS/SUM-IT CDL converter tool; Mastitis Pattern Analysis Tool REACT OPTIMISE Work with farm team to identify underlying cause of the pattern of mastitis on your farm & management areas to address. REACT by agreeing management changes Take action - next step is to agree how to OPTIMISE mastitis control. It is important everyone working on the farm knows what to do, how to do it and why to do it. Then do it! Resources: Mastitis Control Plan; AHDB Resources: it is a good idea to quickly check on actions once a week on farm REVIEW Check results REVIEW quarterly. Assess the impact of actions taken and look for seasonal patterns & changes in mastitis pattern. This will help direct future actions. Resources: Farm records; milk recording data; Mastitis Pattern Analysis Tool; Mastitis Control Plan AHDB resources Red Tractor Standards October 2019 Key changes ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE Health plan must be written and updated in conjunction with the vet.  Next – Investigating a problem