4Y Mastitis Control 2021 PDF

Control of Mastitis and Mastitis Investigations Prof. RF Smith and Dr. JS Duncan Division of Livestock Health and Welfare Facts and Figures        Doubling of SCC above 50,000 cells/ml, results in:  0.4 kg/day milk loss for heifers  0.6 kg/day milk loss for older cows Mild case £168.70...

Control of Mastitis and Mastitis Investigations Prof. RF Smith and Dr. JS Duncan Division of Livestock Health and Welfare Facts and Figures        Doubling of SCC above 50,000 cells/ml, results in:  0.4 kg/day milk loss for heifers  0.6 kg/day milk loss for older cows Mild case £168.70 Severe case £400.56 Fatal Case £1709.35 45-65 cases per 100 cows per year 2.4 million dairy cows £168 million pounds Mastitis Control Cornerstone of control has been “Five Point Plan” 1. Post Milking Teat Disinfection 2. Dry Cow Therapy 3. Prompt Treatment of Clinical Cases 4. Cull chronic cases 5. Maintain and Use Milking Machine Properly   GOOD FOR CONTAGIOUS INSUFFICIENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL Environmental pathogens Latest UK diagnostic data 2020  https://public.tableau.com/app/ profile/siu.apha/viz/ VIDAAnnualReport2020/ VIDAAnnualReport2020 Clinical Mastitis in GB cattle as a percentage of total mastitis diagnoisis in 2007 (3705) Strep uberis 20 Strep agalactiae 1 E coli 18 Other 17 Two organisms 3 Strep dysgalactiae 6 Staph aureus 17 No microbial growth 5 Sample contam 13 Mastitis Action Plan 1. Housing 1. 2. 3. 2. Dry, well ventilated housing Clean dry acceptable cubicles, straw yards Passageways as clean as possible Parlour routines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Wear gloves Milking order/ management of high cell count cows Fore-milking Pre-milking teat disinfection Ensure good milking machine function Post-milking teat dipping Post-milking loafing time Maintain good teat condition Mastitis Action Plan 3. Prompt treatment of clinical cases 4. Good Dry Cow Management  Therapy  Housing  Nutrition 5. Nutrition  Avoid SARA  Avoid Negative Energy Balance  Adequate Vitamin E and Selenium  Prevent milk fever 6. Cull Chronic cases 7. Regular Monitoring 8. Fly Control 9. Good Record Keeping Contagious Pathogens  1. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae (Corynebacterium Bovis?) Spread from cow to cow during milkingmilking parlour 1. Post milking teat disinfection 2. Properly functioning milking machine 3. Milking order/ disinfect cluster Contagious Pathogens 2. Reduce levels of infection in herd Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae straight forward 1. Prompt and effective treatment during lactation- penicillin sensitive 2. Dry Cow Therapy Contagious Pathogens Staphylococcus aureus treat for longer periods base on culture and sensitivity if possible because of penicillin resistance (35 – 40% of UK isolates)  If near end of lactation    During lactation     Dry off early Dry cow antibiotics +/- systemic antibiotics Extended therapy 5-8 days intramammry antibiotics Combination of systemic and intramammary antibiotics Cull chronically infected cows Environmental Pathogens- E coli   1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Source of infection faeces, bedding Picked up dry period and early lactationcan be severe Housing hygiene and comfort esp. dry, calving and early lactation Pre milking teat disinfection Loafing times Dry Cow Management (nutrition, dry cow therapy selection, consider teat sealants) Startvac vaccine?     Environmental Pathogens Streptococcus uberis Environmental pathogen bedding manure ? Contagious pathogen Often picked up in dry period and early lactation, can be persistent infections 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Housing esp dry, calving and early lactation Pre milking teat disinfection Parlour hygiene measures to reduce spread Loafing times Effective Therapy Dry Cow Management (nutrition, dry cow therapy and / or teat sealants) UBAC Vaccine? Mastitis Investigations Herd Mastitis Investigations     High somatic cell counts High no. clinical cases High no. recurrent clinical cases (these tubes aren’t working!) High bactoscan Start of Investigation    History Bacteriology Records    Nature of problem, Environmental, Contagious, both, How severe it is Go on farm with a good idea in your head what might be going wrong See if the farm situation confirms this but do not blinker yourself to other possibilities History- What’s the nature of the problem?  What’s it likely to be? clinical cases, how severe, how many animals affected, recurrent cases, when are they happening, post calving, housed,  Cell counts – sub-clinical problem, what are cell counts at the moment? how long have they been up for? is it sudden or creeping up over a while? do have individual milk recording?  Bactoscan pattern and values.  What information do you need?  Records Clinical cases  Tube usage   (practice sales but check if give a prescription too) Bulk tank somatic cell counts  Bulk tank bactoscan  Individual Cell Count Records   ******Bacteriology ****** Analyze problem No clinical cases/ 100 cows per year  % of herd affected  Recurrence rate  Seasonality  Stage of lactation  Number of heifer calving down with high SCC,  % protected in dry period  % treated in dry period  Investigation by pattern recognition   Run pattern recognition tool / Quarter Pro Full AHDB Dairy Mastitis Plan  Implementation led to reduction in clinical cases and decreases in % SCC over 200,000 by 20%  Vets and advisors pay to be trained and able to enrol farmers in the plan  Make sure you keep up to date with any grant schemes Bacteriology      Decide what are most useful samples to take Bulk Tank Individual Clinical Cases (10) High Cell Count Cows (10) Bulk milk PCR? GOOD IDEA OF NATURE OF PROBLEM AND WHAT YOUR LOOKING FOR ON Farm Visit      Take a Check list to help General History Housing Nutrition Milking Parlour Farm Visit  Housing          All accommodation including dry cows number of cubicles, how are the cow’s using them, type of bedding used, size of cubicles Hygiene - how often cleaned out Passageways, cleanliness, how often cleaned out Straw yards, stocking densities, how often cleaned out, assess hygiene – sit on it with farmer Calving boxes Dry Cow Housing Pasture Hygiene score Hygiene Scoring 3 main areas to look at: 1)Below hock 2)Upper leg and flank 3)Udder < 25% scores 3 or 4 AHDB 3 point system too Nutrition  Nutrition Dry Cow Nutrition  Mineral status  Evidence NEB    Condition score cows dry cows and early lactation Evidence of SARA  Faecal score Milk fever problems (ask) and calcium purchases  Look at diet  Milking parlour  Milking machine Examine clusters holes, cleanliness  Observe cows  Observe vacuum gauge  Listen for liner slip  When last serviced – look at invoice and any report   Full dynamic testing during milking Specialist job – Vet or non-Vet  Bluetooth linked test meters and computer programmes  Milking parlour   Teat score (at least 25% of herd) – can you correlate to mastitis incidence on individual cows? Observe parlour hygiene routines    Place cameras? Management of high cell count and mastitic cows Parlour wash up routine Additional Information  What dry cow therapy?     If selective what criteria used for selection What milking cow therapy? How many purchased / used Success rate Repeat cases / treatments  SCC across dry period  Go away and have a good think!    Main problem Main risk factors identified on farm Target advice to that problem Need to select key areas that you think are causing the problem  No use telling them to do everything   Discuss with farmer and write report with your action plan and how situation needs to be monitored Example Farm    180 cow herd Holstein/ Friesian cows, 6000 lt yield Increased number clinical cases over summer Bacteriology 20 clinical cases, main pathogens isolated E coli, Strep uberis Records     Mastitis rate of 77 cases/100 cows per year 40.5% of herd affected Recurrence rate of 24% 67% occurring in 1st 60 days post calving Seasonality Main Findings    Cubicle Shed  Satisfactory  Hygiene scores satisfactory Dry Cow Straw Yards  Frequency cleaning out (every few months inadequate),  permanent year round use of an attached dry cow paddock high risk environment Cow tracks and fields reported very wet in summer Nutrition Assessment  Body Condition Score   Sub Acute Rumen Acidosis   Dry Cows (2-3) Early Lactation (2-3) Faecal Scores satisfactory, Fibre in ration Hypocalcaemia High clinical incidence  Dry cows fed milking cow ration  Milking Parlour Hygiene      No milking order No fore-milking No pre-milking teat disinfection Clusters disinfected after milking mastitic cows Post milking teat spray in lactic acid plus lanolin- poor coverage Milking Machine No dynamic testing had been carried out  Observe for 1. Liner slip 2. Vacuum levels in parlour 3. Cows paddling at end of milking 4. Condition of tubing 5. Cleanliness of plant and wash up routine  Teat Scoring Findings    Very little liner slip, cleanliness satisfactory Holes in / perished short milk tubes of all units Teat Scores 28%  15%  52%  11%  teats had warts teats oedema teats chapped teat ends rough Main Findings       High rate mastitis, outbreak happened over summer Predominantly environmental pathogens Dry Cows paddock and housing high risk environments High level hypocalcaemia Poor parlour hygiene Poor teat skin condition (warts and chapping) Recommendations 1. Dry Cows 1. 2. 3. 4. Clean out every 3 weeks Rotate paddock usage (4 paddock rotation) Institute correct dry cow mineral in ration to prevent milk fever Use internal teat sealant in combination with dry cow antibiotic tube for infected animals (high cell count at drying off). Recommendations 2. Milking Herd 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Wear gloves in parlour Fore-milk Pre-milking teat disinfection (wash in disinfectant then dry with paper towel) Disinfect clusters between mastitis cases Post milking dip with glycerin Loaf for 30 minutes before returning to housing Summary    Mastitis Records- Clinical or Somatic Cell Counts on-line. How bad problem is, seasonal, stage of lactation Bacteriology- clinical cases, high cell count cows, bulk tank bacteriology. Contagious pathogens or Environmental pathogens or both Look round farm housing, nutrition, parlour Summary  Contagious problem Parlour hygiene  Milking machine  Management of high cell count and infected cows  Dry cow therapies and lactation therapies   Environmental problem Housing, housing hygiene  Dry Cows  Dry Cow Therapy  AHDB Dairy Mastitis Control Plan  AHDB Dairy Mastitis Plan  Implementation led to reduction in clinical cases and decreases in % SCC over 200,000 by 20%  Vets and advisors pay to be trained and able to enrol farmers in the plan  When in practice make sure you keep up to date with any