Estimating Dairy Losses PDF

ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC LOSSES IN FARM-LEVEL  SOME FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC LOSESS IN DAIRY Milk, meat, and calves are the three major outputs Product quality partially influences the dairy product price The total disease costs were higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows...

ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC LOSSES IN FARM-LEVEL  SOME FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC LOSESS IN DAIRY Milk, meat, and calves are the three major outputs Product quality partially influences the dairy product price The total disease costs were higher in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows Milk loss, treatment costs, and culling costs were the largest three cost categories for all diseases Disease always decreases the quantity and quality of milk production  Animals’ slaughter value depends on meat quality and slaughter weight Some diseases would make meat less attractive for consumers Disease or management failure could increase the risk of fatality Dairy diseases could affect reproductive performance, resulting in a longer calving interval, lower average daily milk production, and fewer calves Culling is preferred when the future value of the current cow is lower than the cost of replacing with a young replacement cow If the producer uses genetic selection, the disease-influenced productive performance reduces expression of full genetic potential  Disease influences profitability through both direct and indirect effects 1. The direct effect includes visible loss (death, milk production decrease, and slow growth) and invisible loss (poorer reproductive performance, herd demography change, and lower feed conversion efficiency) 2. The indirect effect includes revenue decreases (lower production quality and shorter productive lifetime) and additional costs (veterinarian and drug costs and labor costs)  The total cost varies among regions, farms, and the animal’s purpose for the same disease The total disease cost (C) is the sum of loss (L) from the decreased production and expenditure (E) The optimal calving interval has been described as 12 to 13 months Days open (DO) is the major indicator of calving interval, defined as the time between successive calvings  Management practices centered around conception rate (CR), heat detection rate (HDR), and voluntary waiting period (VWP) have a large influence on days open Research Methods in Dairy Health Economics: 1. DHIA (Dairy Herd Improvement Association) 2. NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System) Diseases affecting Dairy animals: Common dairy diseases include (but are not limited to): Mastitis Lameness Metritis Retained placenta (RP) Left displaced abomasum (LDA) Ketosis, Milk fever (MF) ❑ Mastitis, Lameness, and reproductive failure considered as the most expensive health issues in the dairy industry  Mastitis : *Inflammation of the udder. From the Economic Point of View: *It is One of the most important economic diseases affecting dairy cattle. *Milk represent more than 75% of the dairy output Causes of mastits: 1- Management causes: Example, increasing milking time, wearing a ring during hand milking and non-clean bedding 2- Pathological causes: Mastitis is mostly caused by pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, etc.) invading and multiplying in the mammary gland Stages of mastitis 1. The subclinical mastitis (SCM) results in elevated SCC in milk, milk production loss, and milk composition change 2. Clinical mastitis (CM) always has visible symptoms such as clots in milk, swelling in the udder, or fever  Mastitis affects milk production by destroying the alveoli in the mammary gland, where milk is produced The largest economic effects of mastitis was the milk production decrease mastitis might have a negative effect on reproductive performance because of the harmful effects from the mastitis pathogen endotoxin Mastitis prolonged the inter-estrus intervals  Variation of mastitis cost according to pathogen type, lactation stage, and the occurrence of infection pathogen presence with optimal preventive input was £3,006 ($5,633) per year for a 100-cow herd Economic impacts of mastitis: 1- milk production loss 2-Extra costs of drugs 3-Discarded milk 4-More veterinary service 5-Extra labor usage 6-Production quality decrease 7-Material and investment 8-Expenses on Diagnostics 9-Culling 10- Cost from elevating risk of other interrelated diseases Economic benefits of Mastitis Control: Increase milk yield: controlling mastitis by application of the herd health program will increase milk yield. Eradication and controlling of S. agalactia alone increased yield about 4%. Decrease the need for replacement: infected cows have a shorter life in the herd, both because of direct culling for mastitis and a greater extent because cows with mastitis are sold prematurely on the ground basis of cow milk yield Reduce the treatment of clinical mastitis and save the costs. Increase the net return Lameness Lameness is the third most expensive dairy disease, following mastitis and reproductive failure The lameness risk was higher in multiparous high-producing cows due to the high metabolic stress and poorer hooves health condition with aging The influence of lameness on milk production was not clear Economic losses due to lameness: reduced the fertility performance in the dairy cows and prolonged the interval from calving to first service and CR reduce the mounting activities, which influenced heat detection or observation Lameness is one of the top risk factors for culling The lameness costs included treatment costs, labor, discarded milk, reduced milk yield, increased culling risk, extended CI, veterinarian service fees, and extra services The total costs were ($132.43 ± 59.53) per lame cow per year Tuberculosis and brucellosis Tuberculosis (TB): Chronic bacterial disease of cattle Worldwide annual losses: $ 3 billions Causative agent: Mycobacterium bovis Clinical signs: 1- Emaciation 2- Fever 3- Cough 4- Obstruction in air ways Brucellosis: Bacterial disease caused by B. abortus Clinical signs: 1- Abortion 2- Infertility 3- Joint pain 4- Low milk yeild Economic impact of TB and brucellosis among cattle and buffaloes: 1- Among the most important diseases affecting cattle and buffaloes 2- The most dangerous effect of TB and brucellosis is the zoonotic importance (that transmitted to human) The most occupational group at risk: 1- Veterinarians 2- Veterinary assistants 3- Inseminators 4- Abattoir workers How they can infect human?? 1- Direct contact with infected animal 2- Aerosol (inhalation) 3- Ingestion of row milk Economic losses due to TB and Brucellosis: 1- costs of extra uses of drugs and veterinary supervision 2- costs of tests used for detection as tuberculin test and Rose Bengal test 3- Increase level of culling and replacements 4- Increase condemnation of meat after slaughtering 5- Abortion and infertility caused by brucellosis 6- costs of vaccination