eapp.pdf

UNIT 1 1.1 INTERTEXTUALITY ★ Refers to the phenomenon of one text referencing, quoting, or alluding to another text. 1.2 THESIS STATEMENT A thesis statement is a sentence that states the topic and purpose of your paper. It is a claim that sets up your argument. Contains: ★ Topic: a particu...

UNIT 1 1.1 INTERTEXTUALITY ★ Refers to the phenomenon of one text referencing, quoting, or alluding to another text. 1.2 THESIS STATEMENT A thesis statement is a sentence that states the topic and purpose of your paper. It is a claim that sets up your argument. Contains: ★ Topic: a particular subject that you discuss or write ★ Topic Sentence: a sentence that introduces a about. paragraph by presenting the one topic that will be ★ Claim: main argument of an essay the focus of that paragraph. ★ Evidence: supports claim/argument UNIT 2: Academic Text 2.1 ACADEMIC TEXT ★ A written language that provides information, which contains ideas & concepts that are related to the particular discipline. ★ Essay, Research Paper, Report, Project, Article, Thesis, & Dissertation Structure ★ Consist of three (3) parts: introduction, body, & conclusion, which is formal & logical. 2.2 ACADEMIC TEXT & NON-ACADEMIC TEXT CHARACTERISTICS ACADEMIC NON-ACADEMIC Audience Scholarly Audience Public Purpose To inform To entertain Structure Intro, Body, Conclusion No fixed structure Language Formal Colloquialism (informal) Style Objective Subjective Source Literature Everyday events Example Research papers, Reports Diaries, Informal essays UNIT 3: Common Text Structure 3.1 TEXT STRUCTURE ★ Refer to the way authors organize information in text. Narrative Cause & Effect ★ Narrates an event/story with characters, setting, ★ Provide explanations or reasons for phenomena. conflict, point of view, & plot. Problem/Solution ★ Freytag’s Pyramid: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, ★ Identify problems & pose solutions. Falling Action, Resolution/Denouement. Compare & Contrast Chronological, Process, Sequence ★ Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena, showing ★ Present ideas or events in the order in which they how they are different & how they are similar. happen. Description ★ Describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, attributes, & examples. UNIT 4: Summarizing Techniques 4.1 SUMMARIZING ★ How we take larger selections of text & reduce them ★ General idea in brief form to their bare essentials: main points that are worth noting & remembering. BASIC RULES a. Erase things that don’t matter. Delete trivial tulips for roses). Focus on the big picture. Long, material that is unnecessary to understanding. technical lists are hard to remember. If one word will b. Erase things that repeat. Delete redundant material. give you the meaning, less is more. If a word or phrase says basically the same thing you d. Use your own words to write the summary. Write have already written down, then don’t write it again. the summary using your own words but make sure c. Trade general terms for specific names. Substitute to retain the main points. superordinate terms for lists (e.g., flowers for daisies, 4.2 SOMEBODY WANTED BUT SO THEN (SWBST) This technique generalizes, recognizes cause & effect relationships, & finds main ideas. Somebody (Who is the Wanted (What did the But (The problem So (How was the Then (How the story text about?) MC want?) encountered) problem solved?) ends) Little Red Riding Hood She wanted to take She encountered a wolf She ran away, crying for A woodsman heard her cookies to her sick pretending to be her help. & saved her from the grandmother. grandmother. wolf. 4.3 SAAC METHOD This method, which is an acronym for “State, Assign, Action, Complete,” is particularly helpful in summarizing any kind of text. State ( name of the article, Assign (name of author) Action (what the author is Complete (complete the book, or story) doing e.g. tells, explains) sentence or summary with keywords & important details) “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” Aesop (a Greek storyteller) Tells What happens when shepherd boy repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf 4.4 5W’s 1H This technique relies on six crucial questions: who, what, when, where, why, & how. Who is the story What did they do? When did the Where did the Why did the main How did the main about? action take place? story happen? character do what character do what s/he did? s/he did? The tortoise He raced a quick, When isn’t An old country The tortoise was The tortoise kept boastful hare and specified in this road tired of hearing the up his slow but won. story, so it’s not hare boast about steady pace. important in this his speed. case. 4.5 FIRST THEN FINALLY This technique summarizes events in chronological order. First Then ★ What happened first? Include the main character ★ What key details took place during the event/action? and main event/action. Finally ★ What were the results of the event/action? 4.6 GIVE ME THE GIST This type of technique is like giving a friend the gist of a story. In other words, they want a summary – not a retelling of every detail. Summarize the main idea or “Gist” of that section in your own words. UNIT 5: Paraphrasing Techniques 5.1 PARAPHRASING ★ Rewriting a piece of text in your own words, while retaining the meaning. TECHNIQUES: Changing the form of words. Paraphrase: The scientists are helped by the X process, which Original: Privatization has failed on several counts. uses plasma & radiation to fuse the spherical flask to the Paraphrase: Bayliss & McKinley (2007) point out that the testing surface. failure of privatization is due to many factors. Changing grammatical structure. Use synonyms. Original: While many governments have taken steps to Original: The need for investors to earn a commercial return implement privatization programmes, progress has been may put upward pressure on prices. slower than was anticipated in the early 1980’s. Paraphrase: The need for profit is likely to push up prices. Paraphrase: According to Bayliss (2003), although the Change word order: might include changing from implementation of privatization programmes has been a active to passive voice. priority for many governments, progress in the area has not Original: The X process, which uses plasma & radiation to fuse been as rapid as expected in the early 1980's. the spherical flask to the testing surface, helps the scientists. UNIT 6: Simple, Compound, Complex, & Compound-Complex Sentences Independent Clause: contains a subject, a verb, & a complete thought. (e.g. I wrote my first novel last year) Dependent Clause: contains a subject & a verb, but no complete thought. (e.g. after I wrote my first novel last year) 6.1 SIMPLE SENTENCE ★ One independent clause, no dependent clause. ★ No commas separate two compound elements in a simple sentence. ★ Marc reads novels and newspapers. 6.2 COMPOUND SENTENCE This has two independent clauses joined by: a. a coordinating conjunction b. a conjunctive adverb (e.g. c. a semicolon alone. (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), however, therefore), ★ Marc reads novels, but Gavi reads comics. 6.3 COMPLEX SENTENCE ★ has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun) joined to an independent clause. ★ Gavi, who reads comics, rarely reads novels. ★ Although Marc reads novels, Gavi reads comics. 6.4 COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE ★ 2 independent clauses joined to one or more dependent clauses. ★ While Marc reads novels, Gavi reads comics, but Fermin reads only magazines. UNIT 7: Critical Writing & its Approaches 7.1 CRITICAL WRITING This involves: ★ Academic Essay ★ analyzing information ★ Literature Review ★ making logical connections between ideas ★ Professional Report ★ offering your own perspective on the topic ★ Research Article Examples: 7.2 CRITICAL WRITING APPROACHES Formalism Approach ★ Encourages personal engagement with literature ★ Prioritizes form over thematic concerns. ★ Values subjective and diverse perspectives. ★ Focuses on the text's structure, technique, & literary Marxism Approach devices. ★ Focuses on literature based on the economic and ★ Advocates for studying literature independently of social forces shaping the text. external contexts. ★ Shows how literature is influenced by and reflects Feminism Approach social & economic power dynamics. ★ Feminism analyzes literature to expose gender Gender Criticism biases, highlight overlooked contributions by ★ Analyzes how texts represent & construct gender women, & challenge stereotypes & inequalities. roles & identities. ★ Explores how gender is socially & culturally Historical Approach constructed, advocating for diverse perspectives & ★ Involves analyzing a text within its historical context, voices. considering how historical events & conditions Reader-response Criticism influence its themes, characters, & perspectives. ★ Highlights how readers actively generate meaning from a text, with interpretations shaped by their personal experiences & viewpoints.