Life and Works of Rizal PDF

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL...

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL -studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y -became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned REALONDA hacienda -a hardy and independent-minded man, who talked MEANINGS OF NAME less and worked more, and was strong in body  Doctor- and valiant in spirit completed his -died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of 80 medical course in -Rizal affectionately called him ―a model of Spain and was fathers‖ conferred the degree of  Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) Licentiate in -born in Manila on November 8, 1826 Medicine by the -educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well- Universidad known college for girls in the city Central de Madrid -a remarkable woman, possessing refined culture,  Jose- was literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of chosen by his Spartan women mother who was a -is a woman of more than ordinary culture: she devotee of the knows literature and speaks Spanish (according Christian saint to Rizal) San Jose (St. Joseph) -died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85  Protacio- from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar THE RIZAL CHILDREN -Eleven children—two boys and nine girls  Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great-grandfather of Jose Rizal) which 1. Saturnina (1850-1913) the Spanish term mercado means ‗market‘ in English -oldest of the Rizal children  Rizal- from the word ‗Ricial‘ in Spanish means a -nicknamed Neneng field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts -married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas again 2. Paciano (1851-1930)  Alonzo- old surname of his mother -older brother and confident of Jose Rizal  Y- and -was a second father to Rizal  Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora from the -immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli Me surname of her godmother based on the culture by Tangere as the wise Pilosopo Tasio that time -Rizal regarded him as the ―most noble of Filipinos‖  June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday between -became a combat general in the Philippine eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was born in the Revolution lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna -died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor aged 79  June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal was -had two children by his mistress (Severina baptized in the Catholic church Decena)—a boy and a girl  Father Rufino Collantes- a Batangueño, the parish 3. Narcisa (1852-1939) priest who baptized Rizal -her pet name was Sisa  Father Pedro Casanas- Rizal‘s godfather, native of -married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Calamba and close friend of the Rizal family Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong  Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor 4. Olimpia (1855-1887) general of the Philippines when Rizal was born -Ypia was her pet name -married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator RIZAL‘S PARENTS from Manila  Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) 5. Lucia (1857-1919) -born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818 -married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL -Herbosa died of cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal 6. Maria (1859-1945) -Biang was her nickname -married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna RIZAL‘S ANCESTRY 7. Jose (1861-1896)  FATHER‘S SIDE -the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius -nickname was Pepe Domingo Ines de la -lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Lamco Rosa Hong Kong (a Chinese (Well-to-do -had a son but this baby-boy died a few hours immigrant Chinese after birth; Rizal named him ―Francisco‖ after his from the Christian girl of father and buried him in Dapitan 8. Concepcion (1862-1865) -her pet name was Concha Francisc Cirila -died of sickness at the age of 3 o Bernacha -her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life 9. Josefa (1865-1945) -her pet name was Panggoy -died an old maid at the age of 80 10. Trinidad (1868-1951) Juan -Trining was her pet name Cirila Mercado -she died also an old maid in 1951 aged 83 (Rizal’s Alejandr 11. Soledad (1870-1929) grandfat -youngest of the Rizal children -her pet name was Choleng -married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba Had thirteen children, the  Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (if youngest being Francisco married) and Señorita (if single) Mercado (Rizal’s father)  Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after which they settled down in Calamba  The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco (the paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese)  Rizal‘s family acquired a second surname— Rizal—which was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA  MOTHER‘S SIDE -Calamba was named after a big native jar -Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands Lakandula around it (The last native king of Tondo)  Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)- a poem about Rizal‘s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila Eugenio  The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his Ursua Benigma happy days in the family garden when he was three (a Filipina) years old (Rizal’s maternal  Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus Great-great prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered Grandfather all the children at the house to pray the Angelus of  Another memory of Rizal‘s infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon Regina Manuel de  The death of little Concha brought Rizal his first Quintos sorrow (a Filipino from  At the age of three, Rizal began to take a part in the Pangasinan) family prayers  When Rizal was five years old, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible  The Story of the Moth- made the profoundest Brigida Lorenzo impression on Rizal Alberto -―died a martyr to its illusions‖ Alonso  At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches with (a prominent his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects which Spanish Filipino mestizo attracted his fancy  Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children)- Rizal‘s first poem in native language at the age of eight -reveals Rizal‘s earliest nationalist sentiment Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s  At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first dramatic mother), Gregorio, Manuel at work which was a Tagalog comedy Jose THE RIZAL HOME INFLUENCES ON THE HERO‘S BOYHOOD -was one of the distinguished stone houses in (1) hereditary influence Calamba during the Spanish times (2) environmental influence -it was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, (3) aid of Divine Providence built of adobe stones and hard-woods and roofed with red tiles  Tio Jose Alberto- studied for eleven years in British -by day, it hummed with the noises of children at school in Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe play and the songs of the birds in the garden; by inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family  Tio Manuel- a husky and athletic man, encouraged prayers Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical exercises  The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a town  Tio Gregorio- a book lover, intensified Rizal‘s aristocracy in Spanish Philippines voracious reading of good book *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  Father Leoncio Lopez- the old and learned parish violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal‘s love for scholarship privileges and intellectual honesty  Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora- were executed at sunrise of February 17, EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN 1872, by order of Governor General Izquierdo  The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was  The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za in 1872 truly inspired remarkable woman of good character and fine Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem culture—her mother his oppressed people  Maestro Celestino- Rizal‘s first private tutor  Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo,  Maestro Lucas Padua- Rizal‘s second tutor to Gom-Bur-Za  Leon Monroy- a former classmate of Rizal‘s father became Rizal‘s tutor that instructed Jose in Spanish INJUSTICE TO HERO‘S MOTHER and Latin. He died five months later  Before June, 1872- Doña Teodora was suddenly  Sunday afternoon in June, 1869- Rizal left Calamba arrested on a malicious charge that she and her for Biñan accompanied by Paciano brother, Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter‘s  Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz- Rizal‘s teacher in a perfidious wife private school in Biñan  Antonio Vivencio del Rosario- Calamba‘s -Rizal described his teacher as follows: He gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña Teodora was thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body  After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish slightly bent forward lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa  Pedro- the teacher‘s son which Rizal challenged to a Cruz (capital of Laguna province), a distance of 50 fight kilometers  Andres Salandanan- challenged Rizal to an arm-  Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial wrestling match prison, where she languished for two years and a half  Juancho-an old painter who was the father-in-law of  Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan- the school teacher; freely give Rizal lessons in drawing the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña and painting Teodora  Jose Guevara- Rizal‘s classmate who also loved painting, became apprentices of the old painter SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA  ―the favorite painters of the class‖- because of his (1872-1877) artistic talent  Ateneo Municipal- a college under the supervision of  Christmas in 1870-Rizal received a letter from his the Spanish Jesuits sister Saturnina, informing him of the arrival of the  Escuela Pia (Charity School)- formerly name of steamer Talim which would take him from Biñan to Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was Calamba established by the city government in 1817  Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870- Rizal left  Escuela Pia---- Ateneo Municipal--- Ateneo de Biñan after one year and a half of schooling Manila  Arturo Camps- a Frenchman friend of Rizal‘s father  June 10, 1872- Rizal accompanied by Paciano went who took care of him on board to Manila  Father Magin Ferrando- was the college registrar, DAILY LIFE IN BIÑAN refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons: (1) he -Heard the four o‘ clock mass then at ten o‘ clock was late for registration (2) he was sickly and went home at once and went at school at two and undersized for his age came out at five  Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his intercession, -The day was unusual when Rizal was not laid out on nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly a bench and given five or six blows because of admitted at the Ateneo fighting  Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname ―Rizal‖. He registered under this name at Ateneo MARTYRDOM OF GOM-BUR-ZA because their family name ―Mercado‖ had come under  Night of January 20, 1872- about 200 Filipino the suspicion of the Spanish authorities soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the  Rizal was first boarded in a house outside leadership of Lamadrid, Filipino sergeant, rose in Intramuros, on Caraballo Street. This was owned by a *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL spinster named Titay who owed the Rizal family the -Rizal was impressed in this book because of (1) amount of 300 pesos Jagor’s keen observations of the defects of Spanish colonization (2) his prophecy that someday Spain JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION would lose the Philippines and that America would -it trained the character of the student by rigid come to succeed her as colonizer discipline and religious instructions -Students were divided into two groups: THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)  Roman Empire- consisting of internos (boarders); -Rizal grades remained excellent in all subjects but red banner he won only one medal—in Latin  Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos -At the end of the school year (March 1875), Rizal (non-boarders); blue banner returned to Calamba for the summer vacation. He  Emperor- the best student in each ―empire‖ himself was not impressed by his scholastic work  Tribune- the second best  Decurion- the third best FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO  Centurion-the fourth best  June 16, 1875- Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo  Stand-bearer- the fifth best  Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator  The Ateneo students in Rizal‘s time wore a uniform and scholar, one of Rizal‘s professors who inspired which consisted of ―hemp-fabric trousers‖ and him to study harder and to write poetry ―striped cotton coat‖ The coat material was called -Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as rayadillo ―model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils‖ FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)  Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and  Father Jose Bech- Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo won five medals at the end of the school term whom he described as a ―tall thin man, with a body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877) severe and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, a sharp -Rizal‘s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of- nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an fact, he excelled in all subjects. The most brilliant arc whose ends fell toward the chin Atenean of his time, he was truly ―the pride of the  A Religious picture- Rizal‘s first prize for being the Jesuits‖ brightest pupil in the whole class  March 23, 1877- Commencement Day, Rizal, who was  To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons 16 years old, received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo in Santa Isabel College during the noon recesses. He Municipal, the degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons honors  At the end of the school year in March, 1873, Rizal  Marian Congregation- a religious society wherein returned to Calamba for summer vacation Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary  When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. This time he  Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. of Father Sanchez His landlady was an old widow named Doña Pepay  Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to stop communing with the Muse and pay more attention to SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-1874) more practical studies -At the end of the school year, Rizal received  Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo  The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas- the de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor first favorite novel of Rizal which made a deep  Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece impression on him of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocket-  Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal persuaded knife his father to buy him this set of historical work that  Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal‘s sculptural was a great aid in his studies talent, requested him to carve for him an image of  Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-traveler who Sacred Heart of Jesus visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines ANECDOTES ON RIZAL, THE ATENEAN *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  Felix M. Roxas- one of Rizal‘s contemporaries in the Monarchs into Granada)- this poem relates the Ateneo, related an incident of Rizal‘s schooldays in victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Ateneo which reveals hero‘s resignation to pain and Isabel into Granada, last Moorish stronghold in forgiveness. ―Neither bitterness nor rancor towards the Spain guilty party‖  Manuel Xerez Burgos- This anecdotes illustrates -A year later, in 1877, Rizal wrote more poems. It was Rizal‘s predilection to help the helpless at the risk of his last years in Ateneo. Among the poems written that his own life year were: 1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus)- POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO this poem praises Columbus, the discoverer of -It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the America poetic genius of her son, and it was also she who first 2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II)- this poem encouraged him to write poems. However it was Father relates how King Kohn II of Portugal missed fame Sanchez who inspired Rizal to make full use of his and riches by his failure to finance the projected God-given gift in poetry expedition of Columbus to the New World  Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874- 3. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great the first poem Rizal probably wrote during his days in Solace in Great Misfortune)- this is a legend in verse Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her of the tragic life of Columbus birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was 14 years old 4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students)- -In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, Rizal wrote more this was the last poem written by Rizal in Ateneo; it poems, as such: is a poignant poem of farewell to his classmate 1. Felicitacion (Felicitationi) 2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes  Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)- this poem was (The Departure: Hymn to Magellan‘s Fleet) written in 1875 when Rizal was 14 years old; it was a 3. Y Es Espanol; Elcano, el Primero en dar la brief ode Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, the  A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)- another First to Circumnavigate the World) religious poem which doesn‘t have exact date when it 4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The was written Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)  San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr)- a drama based on the prose story of St. Eustace which -In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-religion, he wrote in poetic verses during the summer vacation education, childhood memories and war. They were as of 1876 and finished it on June 2, 1876 follows: 1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO Town)- a tender poem in honor of Calamba, the TOMAS (1877-1882) hero‘s natal town -After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy 2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal transferred to the Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and medical course Good Education)- Rizal showed the importance of -―Don‘t send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If religion in education he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his 3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria head.‖- Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea (Through Education the Country Receives Light)- that Rizal pursue higher learning in the university Rizal believed in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a  April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, nation matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking 4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y the course on Philosophy and Letters because (1) his Prision de Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: father like it (2) he was “still uncertain as to what Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil)- career to pursue” this martial poem describes the defeat and capture  Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who had of Boabdil, last Moorish sultan of Granada been good to him during his student days in that 5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but  A Filipinas- a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of unfortunately he was in Mindanao the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all  It was during the following term (1878-1879) that Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector‘s advice to  Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma- Rizal composed a poem in study medicine 1879 which was declaimed by an Atenean, Manuel  During Rizal‘s first school term in the University of Fernandez, on the night of December 8, 1879, in honor Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal also studied in Ateneo. of the Ateneo‘s Patroness He took the vocational course leading to the title of  Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon- Rizal composed a poem in perito agrimensor (expert surveyor) 1881, as an expression of affection to Father Pablo  Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course Ramon, the Ateneo rector, who had been so kind and in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and helpful to him topography  Vicenta Ybardolaza- a pretty girl colegiala who  November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home, whom passing the final examination in the surveying course Rizal was infatuated in Pakil  Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of  Rizal mentioned Turumba (wherein the people Manila- a society of literary men and artists, held a dancing in the streets during the procession in honor literary contest in the year 1879 of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores) in  A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)- Rizal, Chapter VI of Noli Me Tangere and Pagsanjan Falls in who was then 18 years old, submitted this poem his travel diary (united States—Saturday, May 12, -is an inspiring poem of flawless form. Rizal 1888), where he said that Niagara Falls was the beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to ―greatest cascades I ever saw‖ but ―not so beautiful let genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with nor fine as the falls at Los Baños, Pagsanjan‖ art and science to break the chains that have long  Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal founded a bound the spirit of the people secret society of Filipino students in University of -this winning poem of Rizal is a classic in Santo Tomas in 1880 Philippine literature for two reasons: (1) it was the  Companions of Jehu- members of the society whose great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose after the valiant Hebrew general merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities (2)  Galicano Apacible-Rizal‘s cousin from Batangas who it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept is the secretary of the society that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland” UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST  The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, was -Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it the first prize Tomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was which consisted of a silver pen, feather-shaped and unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher decorated with a gold ribbon learning because (1) the Dominican professors were  El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the hostile to him (2) the Filipino students were racially Gods)- an allegorical drama written by Rizal which he discriminated against by the Spaniards (3) the method entered in the literary contest of Artistic-Literary of instruction was obsolete and repressive Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the fourth centennial -In Rizal‘s novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how of the death of Cervantes the Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by -was a literary masterpiece based on the their Dominican professors and how backward the Greek classics method of instruction was, especially in the teaching  The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, ―The was engraved the bust of Cervantes Class in Physics‖  D.N. del Puzo- a Spanish writer, who won the second prize SHATTERING THE MYTH ABOUT RIZAL AND THE  Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)- a zarzuela which PONTIFICAL UST was staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feats Day This can be very exhaustive as I deal with historical of the Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo facts apropos of the relationship of Jose Rizal with the - Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of University of Santo Tomas. I am indebted to Fr. Fidel Spanish Literature in Ateneo Villaroel, OP, the eminent historian and former *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL archivist of the UST Archives for giving me the distinct relationship with his alma mater, the University of privilege (without going through the norms and Santo Tomas based on the study by Fr. Villaroel who policies) of touring the archives and letting me had diligently dug through the archival materials of examined some important documents pertaining but UST and Archivo de la Provincia del Sto. Rosario. Was not principally to the history of the Philippines. As a Rizal discriminated and treated shabbily by the pioneering institution of learning – from the martyrdom Dominicans? Why did he leave UST? Why did he of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, to the propaganda criticize the University years later? How are the stories movement, to the revolution of 1896, to the birth of the of El Filibusterismo to be understood? Republic in 1898, to the commonwealth period and finally to the restoration of independence in 1946 – it is Here are some excerpts from Fr. Fidel Villaroel‘s study: therefore presumptuous to assume the UST has had a hand in the making of the history of the Philippines. MYTH: Rizal complained about his grades in UST and was Sadly, in spite of some efforts of few academicians and discriminated and treated shabbily by the Dominicans. historians to present a more truthful history of the UST during the Spanish era, many still were caught off FACTS: guard and instead decided to rely on meager source (1) Rizal entered the UST in 1877, enrolling in the Pre- materials. Worse, some merely copied what pre-war Law Course, which was made up of philosophical and post-war authors written in the past 100 years. subjects. The course was commonly called New generation writers, historians and biographers of metaphysics. He passed the course brilliantly with the Jose Rizal are no exception to such historians like highest grades in spite of his initial indifference to Retana, Craig, Russel, Laudback, Coates, Hernandez philosophy and his youthful distractions through the and Zaide who had pictured a villain character of the year. Then he opted for the career of medicine. And in university. 1878-1879 he took simultaneously the Pre-Medical Course and the First Year of Medicine; this was against As what Fr. Villaroel said, none of the biographers and the rules, but Rizal was favored with a dispensation. historians took the time of looking into the original The Pre-Medicine Course was also called Ampliacion, academic records of Rizal. Neither there were efforts because the student, having taken already Physics, on their part to make a study on UST based on the Chemistry and Natural History in the high school, now archival records of the Pontifical University. ―It has took an advanced course on the same subjects (Rizal been treated inadequately, at times, with a good deal of did not take in Santo Tomas the ―class of physics‖ misunderstanding, exaggeration or prejudice.‖ described in El Fili but rather in Ateneo). The second confusion was their failure to understand In his courses of medicine, Rizal was a good student, the underlying principles behind the anti-friars and above-average, though not excellent; but none of his anti-UST writings of Rizal particularly the El Fili. classmates were excellent either. Summing up, in the 21 subjects taken in UST, Rizal obtained one aprobado After seeing the documents at the UST Archives and (passing grade), eight bueno (good), six notable (very reading Fr. Villaroel‘s well-written study on Rizal and good) and six sobresaliente (excellent). Majority of the University of Santo Tomas, I can only scoff at students in Rizal‘s time, or in any time, would have those who bask at their ignorance and use many of the been satisfied with the above grades. It is possible that myths to advance their cause. Such is the case of Rizal was not, but it is a fact that he never complained some pexers here who undoubtedly use these myths about his grades, there is not a single word in his for their own good. In the words of Dr. Serafin Quiason, works showing displeasure at the unfairness of UST. former chairman of the National Historical Institue, ―it is a great virtue of his (Fr. Villaroel) study that he Yet many of his biographers are angry, unreasonably sweeps away many of the myths which have passed angry (including anti-ust pexers?) at the treatment for facts for almost three quarters of a century. He has given to the national hero by his alma mater. How solved many difficult questions and the readers can be could Rizal, after a perfect record of ―Excellent‖ in the grateful for a valuable and devoted piece of work.‖ high school (Ateneo) now receive such ―low‖ grades at UST? The critics had to look for an explanation, and This thread intends to rectify some issues pertaining since they did not find fault in Rizal, then they had to to the negative pictures projected about Rizal‘s blame the Dominicans and UST. And from Retana to *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Austin Craig, from Frank Lauback to Austin Coates and six students would have been favored by the friars. Yet to quite a long line of Filipino biographers (with some at the end of the fourth year there remained only one exceptions), we only hear the same repeated Philippine-born Spaniard, Jose Resurreccion y Padilla, lamentation that every school child must now learn in who managed to get only a poor passing grade the textbooks: that Rizal was ―below his usual (aprobado), last among successful students, and who standards‖, and for the extremely serious charge that in the following year received a crushing suspenso. It the ―Dominican professors were hostile to him‖ and would be unkind to rejoice over failures, whether of ―the Filipino students were racially discriminated‖ Spanish or of Filipinos, but the biographers of Rizal (Zaide), and that there was ―excessive harping on the will not be convincing unless they prove with valid alleged intellectual superiority of the Spanish (because documents the existence of ―racial discrimination‖ in he was white) to the Filipino, a brown man, and Indio UST in the 19th century when it came to academic (JM Hernandez), and so on. An objective historian grades. must squarely face and honestly answer these grave statements, which sound like accusations. (3) Rizal‘s inclinations and abilities must be taken into account. While he was undoubtedly inclined to, and Was Rizal ―far below his usual standards‖? What remarkably fitted for, the arts and letters, he was not standards, in the first place? If by usual standards we much attracted to Medicine. ―Perhaps – says Leon Ma. mean the grades of his Ateneo high school studies, the Guerrero – Medicine was not his real vocation‖. comparison is unfair. Nobody places elementary or Medicine was a convenient career taken up in high school standards against college or University consideration of the poor health of Rizal‘s mother, standards. They belong to different levels. At Ateneo whom he wanted to help, and eventually helped as a municipal, Rizal was excellent, though not the only physician. excellent student. At the UST, none of his classmates ever got near to keeping a straight record of Excellent. (4) When Rizal transferred to Spain and continued his And this was because Medicine was a different kind of studies at the University of Madrid, he showed there stuff altogether. similar characteristics. He was sobresaliente in the humanistic studies (literature, languages, history), Therefore, if we are to arrive at a just appreciation of while in Medicine he fared worse than at the University Rizal‘s performance at the UST, we should compare, of Santo Tomas. Ye no historian or biographer has not his grades in the high school with those in the ever complained about his poor performance in Madrid university, but Rizal‘s grades in Medicine against those or hinted that Rizal was discriminated against in that of his classmates. In the first year of medicine, Rizal‘s Central University. class was made up of 24 students, but due to academic failures, seventeen of them were left by the (5) Rizal had Dominican friends in the persons of Fr. roadside before they reached the fourth year, when Evaristo Arias and Fr. Joaquin Fonseca. It was while only seven took the final examinations. And in this studying at UST that Rizal obtained public recognition fourth (and for Rizal last) year, he landed in second as a poet. It was the Dominican; Fr. Arias who helped place behind Cornelio Mapa. A persecuted Rizal would him cultivate his craft in poetry. During his Thomasian have probably ended by the same roadside as the years, Rizal composed the best poems of his pre- seventeen ―debarred‖ classmates, or would have European period, one of them being A la Juventud never boasted of being second when he left for Spain Filipina, winner of the first prize in the contest in 1882. organized by the Liceo Artistico-Literario in 1879. (2) It can hardy be said that Rizal was discriminated MYTH: and treated shabbily by the Dominicans since he was Rizal is said to have left UST for the following reasons: granted the rare privilege of studying simultaneously a. because a certain professor of UST caused in the Preparatory Course of Medicine and the First him displeasure (P. Pastells, SJ, 1897) Year of Medicine. b. because the atmosphere in UST (meaning Thomistic atmosphere) suffocated him, and ―it is Records likewise show that six Spaniards were presumed that because of it he left‖ (E. Retana, enrolled with Rizal in the first year of Medicine, of 1907) whom three were Peninsular and three Philippine-born. c. because in his class of medicine the lay If the criticism of some biographers were true, these professor made a statement contrary to the *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL textbook and then he refused to permit discussion without notice has caused surprise among many or to give explanations; ―so Rizal decided he was friends to the point of stirring their curiosity. They ask wasting his time to remain in the University‖ whether there were serious matters going on which (Craig, 1909) prompted you to leave.‖ d. because he found unfriendliness in the University, (Lauback, 1936) (2) To attribute Rizal‘s departure to what oneauthor e. because UST could not give ―fuller learning‖ to calls ―rampant bigotry, discrimination and the youth, and its ―usefulness was almost, if not persecution‖ existing in UST, whether said in general altogether nil.‖ (D. Abella, 1965) or whether specifically referring to Rizal, is a gratuitous accusation expressed in ready-made FACT: phrases loaded with feeling. I presume that an Twenty authors quoting from the same erroneous educational policy like the one implied in such words source commit the same error twenty times over. has never existed in any school or university anywhere Therefore, what the quoted authors have said must be in any period. As for Rizal, we have already explained submitted to scrutiny. More significantly, all the with academic records on hand, that there was in fact a authors quoted above have one thing in common: discrimination in his favor when he was allowed to none of them quote any historical source, like words take simultaneously the Preparatory course of from Rizal‘s correspondence, his articles, etc. If any Medicine and the First Course of Medicine Proper. And source is ever mentioned it is infallibly the novel El Fili. finally, he was one of the seven, out of 26, who reached the beginning of the fifth year course, which But is there not, we ask, a better source to support he started in Madrid. All this has been shown here historical facts than a novel? In the present case, there without rhetoric, without feeling and only with the aid seems to be no other, and for one fundamental reason: of laconic, diplomatic record as basis. because Rizal never revealed in clear terms why he left the Philippines in 1882. Neither he nor his brother (3) That the UST did not provide ―fuller learning‖ to its Paciano, nor his uncle Antonio Rivera, nor his most students, and that this prompted some of them like intimate friends. Not a clear word from them, who were Rizal to go abroad, as suggested by some authors, the only persons who could have known. This fact might be as true then as it can be true at any other leads us to conclude that the writers who put the period of her history. This can also be said of any blame for Rizal‘s departure on the University of Santo Philippine university today. The temptation to try better Tomas are only guessing, honestly guessing of institutions abroad is always better, and those who can course, but mistakenly. afford it, occasionally fall for it. There is no denying It is almost needless to enter into discussion with that, in the last quarter of the 19th century, Europe those writers who lay the responsibility for Rizal‘s offered to the students of science, philosophy, departure at the door of UST. But let us face the literature and every aspect of material progress, question squarely. horizons of learning that no colonial land in other continents could possibly give in such measure. But if (1) It has been stated that a certain professor, more many student like Rizal went abroad is search of ―fuller concretely a lay professor of medicine, disagreed with learning‖ and profited from that experience, it would be the textbook and refused to entertain discussion on wrong to conclude that a university like UST was the topics of his subject (so Pastells and Craig). This therefore worthless. Whether by choice or by the force professor is identified by Craig as one who, some of circumstances many more students stayed behind years later, was classmate of Rizal at the University of than left for Europe, and those who remained received Madrid. He was Dr. Jose Franco who, as professor of a tertiary education of such quality that enabled them Rizal in Santo Tomas, had threatened to fail the whole to become builders of the Philippine Republic. medical class (P. Pastells). But granting that Professor Thomasians trained here and only here were Pedro Franco was speaking seriously, it is quite improbable Pelaez and Jose Burgos, Apolinario Mabini and that Rizal decided to leave the Philippines for an Cayetano Arellano, Manuel Araullo and the Mapa incident with one professor, who besides did not fail brothers, Sergio Osmena and Manuel L. Quezon, Leon him in the final examinations. Rizal‘s companions and Maria Guererro and Anacleto del Rosario, Felipe friends did not seem to have noticed any Calderon and Epifanio de los Santos, etc. and most of misunderstanding between Rizal and any professor, as the men of the Malolos Congress, all belonging to the shown in a letter of Jose M. Cecilio: ―Your departure generation of Rizal. *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Whatever reasons for dissension might have existed in Until further historical research can project more light previous years due to worsening economic conditions on the life of Rizal, little more remains to be said on affecting the country at large, Rizal‘s personal this point. This little more is reduced to the following: If intervention in the affair in 1887 precipitated the legal neither the UST records nor the correspondence of suit. The case ended in the courts with an adverse Rizal with Paciano and his family nor his letters to or sentence against the family and other tenants and the from his intimate friends can support the alleged tragic deportation of some of Rizal‘s immediate misunderstanding between Rizal and the University; if relatives. That social question and lawsuit had nothing those documents do not explain the reasons for Rizal‘s to do with the UST, but it surely soured Rizal‘s pen departure for Spain, then i believe that the only valid when writing about an educational institution that was recourse left to the historian is the recourse to the oral run by the owners of Calamba Hacienda. We have here tradition. And two traditions come handily on our way, another factor for his critical attitude; again he had not one preserved in Rizal‘s own family and another in the in mind any past academic experience. University of Santo Tomas. (3) The novel El Fili was written precisely during the MYTH: years of the Calamba agrarian crisis (any student of The ―Class of Physics‖ (Chapter 13) in El literature or a practicing writer would agree that if there Filibusterismo is autobiographical of Rizal‘s stay in are things that affect the consciousness of a writer, it UST and that Rizal‘s anti-friars and anti-UST writings would be the moment, the milieu, and the race). are reflective of how the national hero loathed the University. The ―Class of Physics‖ is the subject of chapter 13 of the Fili, a subject that some historians and biographers FACT: have used and abused lavishly. They have a reason, (1) While in Europe (1882-1892), Rizal changed because the story comes in very handily to illustrate considerably in at least one aspect, in his attitude the student years of Rizal at the UST, regardless of the towards religion. He gave up some basic and essential novelistic character of the source. tenets of his faith and ceased to be a practicing Catholic. This was due mainly to his continuous The practical question here is whether the story of the association with many rationalist thinkers and liberal ―Class of Physics‖ really happened on even one day, politicians of Spain and other countries of Europe. A whether it reflects educational methods practiced in new rationalistic approach to life and his affiliation to UST in the 19th century, or whether Rizal was just freemasonry accentuated his anti-clerical sentiments creating a scene suitable to the aims of the novel, that and his antipathy for the Catholic Church, for her belief is, to attack and discredit the religious institutes. Some and external manifestations (dogmas, rites and rituals biographers easily believe Retana‘s remark that ―this and devotional life). These changes in Rizal must be chapter is an accurate picture of what happened in the taken into account when assessing his ironic criticism Pontifical University of Manila when Rizal studied of the Church, the religious Orders and the University there.‖ a remark written of course, when Retana had of Santo Tomas. History showed that the attacks turned into a bitter enemy of the religious orders. thrown by propagandists at Santo Tomas, particularly the Church, were just part and parcel of the clash But even taking for granted that Rizal based his story between liberalism and Thomism. And that the attack on some incident that happened during his university thrown at Santo Tomas , which was under the Royal years, this is no reason to conclude that the general patronage of Spain, was not unique since every life of the University was similar. And as for the bleak university in Europe like Oxford received the same fate picture of the physical classroom itself, the UST still for upholding Thomism. The Vatican in an encyclical possess the schedules of classes in those years, and endorsed Thomism as an instrument to counteract the Class of Physics is invariably assigned to the rationalism, which at that time began to penetrate all Physics Laboratories, not to an ordinary classroom. spheres of society. Finally, Austin Coates‘ statement that this chapter of (2) Crucially affecting this new attitude of criticism the Fili is ―clearly autobiographical‖ is totally were the events that occurred in Calamba from 1887 unacceptable, if by autobiographical he meant that the onwards as a result of the famous agrarian litigation experience of Placido was actually felt by Rizal between his family and the Dominican Hacienda. personally or by some of his classmates. And the *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL reason is very simple: Rizal did not take Physics at the  In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship UST. He had taken that course at the Ateneo Municipal Djemnah, a French steamer, which left Singapore for in 1876-1877. Rafael Palma who took up Physics and Europe on May 11, 1882 Chemistry in 1890 at Ateneo Municipal, a little over ten  May 17, 1882- Djemnah reached Point Galle, a years after Rizal, recalled later that the laboratory seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) materials in use at the Ateneo for teaching Natural  Rizal wrote on his travel diary: ―The general History and Physics were ―very poor‖ (Rafael Palma, appearance of Point Galle is picturesque but lonely My Autobiography, Manila 1953). and quiet and at the same time sad‖ The whole chapter is a caricature, very useful for the  Colombo- capital of Ceylon aims of the novel; it is not Rizal‘s biography. -Rizal was enamoured by Colombo because of its scenic beauty and elegant buildings IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885) -―Colombo is more beautiful, smart and -After finishing the 4th year of the medical course in the elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila‖ University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to complete  For the first time, Rizal sighted the barren coast of his studies in Spain Africa, which he called an ―inhospitable land but -Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has famous‖ his ―secret mission‖—was to observe keenly the life  Aden- city hotter than Manila and culture, languages and customs, industries and -Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the commerce, and government and laws of the European first time nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task  City of Suez- the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish -Rizal was impressed in the beautiful tyranny moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his -This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed family by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated  Suez Canal- canal which built by Ferdinand de Manila, May 20, 1892 Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) which was -Rizal‘s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid inaugurated on November 17, 1869 detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars  Port Said- the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez  Jose Mercado- Rizal used this name; a cousin from Canal Biñan  May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish NAPLES AND MARSEILLES streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore  June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples -Rizal was pleased on this Italian city because SINGAPORE of its business activity, its lively people, and its  Donato Lecha- the ship captain from Asturias, Spain panoramic beauty befriended Rizal  Night of June 12, 1882- the steamer docked at the -Rizal described him as an affable man, French harbor of Marseilles ―much more refined than his other countrymen and  Rizal visited the famous Chateau d‘If, where Dantes, colleagues that I have met.‖ hero of the Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned  Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who  Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles were much older than he  May 8, 1882- while the steamer was approaching BARCELONA Singapore, Rizal saw a beautiful island, fascinated by  Afternoon of May 15, 1882- Rizal left Marseilles by its scenic beauty, he remembered ―Talim Island with train for the last lap of his trip to Spain the Susong Dalaga‖  Rizal crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at  May 9, 1882- the Salvadora docked at Singapore the frontier town of Port Bou  Hotel de la Paz- Rizal registered here and spent two  June 16, 1882- Rizal finally reached his destination— days on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a Barcelona colony of England  Rizal‘s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO city of Cataluña and Spain‘s second largest city, was unfavorable  Las Ramblas- the most famous street in Barcelona *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic essay,  Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)- Rizal‘s first article written on Spain‘s soil a society of Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined -under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in shortly after his arrival in Madrid in 1882 print in Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882  Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)- upon -it was published in two texts—Spanish and the request of the members of this society, Rizal‘s Tagalog—the Spanish text was the one originally wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during written by Rizal in Barcelona, the tagalog text was a the New Year‘s Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos Tagalog translation made by M.H. del Pilar held in the evening of December 31, 1882  Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal in Manila -in this sad poem, Rizal poured out the cry of and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal sent his agonizing heart this article  Rizal economized on his living expenses, and with  Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila bilingual the money he saved, he purchased books from a newspaper (Spanish and Tagalog) second-hand book store owned by a certain Señor  Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal‘s second article for Roses Diariong Tagalog  Beecher Stowe‘s Uncle Tom‘s Cabin and Eugene  Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- Rizal‘s third Sue‘s The Wandering Jew- these two books aroused article written in Madrid on November 29, 1882 but Rizal‘s sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had people ceased publication for lack of funds  Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883) ravaging Manila and the provinces according to -During his first summer vacation in Madrid, Rizal Paciano‘s letter, dated September 15, 1882 went to Paris, gay capital of France  Another sad news from the Philippines was the -The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of hotel accommodations, and transportation were too Leonor Rivera high for Rizal‘s slender purse so that he commented  In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano in a letter to his family: ―Paris is the costliest capital advised his younger brother to finish the medical in Europe.‖ course in Madrid  June 17 to August 20, 1883- Rizal sojourn in Paris  Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and  Hotel de Paris- located on 37 Rue de Maubange established himself in Madrid, the capital of Spain wherein Rizal billeted but later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de Rennes in the Latin Quarter LIFE IN MADRID  Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr. Nicaise  November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in the Universidad treating his patients Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid) in two  Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed the courses—Medicine and Philosophy and Letters examination of different diseases of women  Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando- Rizal studied  Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason painting and sculpture openly and freely c riticized the government policies  Rizal‘s only extravagance was investing a few and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw of the Madrid Philippines Lottery  March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called  Rizal spent his leisure time reading and writing at his Acacia in Madrid boarding house, attending the reunions of Filipino  Rizal‘s reason for becoming a mason was to secure students at the house of the Paterno brothers (Antonio, Freemansory‘s aid in his fight against the friars in the Maximo and Pedro) and practicing fencing and Philippines shooting at the gymnasium  Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal transferred where  Antigua Café de Levante-during the summer he became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890 twilights, this is where Rizal sipped coffee and  February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the diploma as fraternized with the students from Cuba, Mexico, Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris Argentina, etc  Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal‘s only Masonic  On Saturday evenings, Rizal visited the home of Don writing; a lecture which he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Pablo Ortiga y Rey who lived with his son (Rafael) and Solidaridad, Madrid daughter (Consuelo) *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  After Rizal‘s departure for Spain, things turned from of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy bad to worse in Calamba: (1) harvests of rice and and letters which may serve also for a professorship, sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me.‖ the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands (3) a dreadful pest PARIS TO BERLIN (1885-1887) killed most of the turkeys. Due to hard times in -Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid in ophthalmology—Rizal chose this branch of medicine were late in arrival and there were times when they because he wanted to cure his mother‘s eye ailment never arrived  June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizal‘s life in IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886) Madrid wherein he was broke and was unable to take  Maximo Viola- a medical student and a member of a breakfast rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal‘s friend -Rizal attended his class at the university,  Señor Eusebio Corominas- editor of the newspaper participated in the contest in Greek language and won La Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel the gold medal Morayta, owner of La Publicidad and a stasman  Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was sponsored  Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on the by the Filipino community to celebrate the double Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, for victory of the Filipino artist in the National Exposition publication of Fine Arts in Madrid—Luna‘s Spoliarium winning the  November 1885, Rizal was living in Paris where he first prize and Hidalgo‘s Christian Virgins Exposed to sojourned for about four months the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al  Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading French Populacho), second prize ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked as an assistant  November 20, 21, and 22, 1884- the serene city of from November 1885 to February 1886 Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the  Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who was Central University engaged to Juan Luna  These student demonstrations were caused by the  At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy address of Dr. Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in the opening ceremonies of the academic year on several paintings November 20, in which he proclaimed ―the freedom of  In Luna‘s canvas ―The Death of Cleopatra,― Rizal science and the teacher‖ posed as an Egyptian priest. In another of Luna‘s great  The Rector, who also took the side of the students, paintings, ―The Blood Compact,‖ he posed as was forced to resign and was replaced by Doctor Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role Creus, ―a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody‖ of Legazpi  November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the recounting  November 27, 1878- Rizal told Enrique Lete that he tumultuous riots to his family ―learned the solfeggio, the piano, the voice culture in  June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical course in one month and a half‖ Spain; he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in  By sheer determination and constant practice, Rizal Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid came to play the flute fairly well. He was a flutist in  The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal studied various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor  Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race)-a patriotic song written of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required by Rizal which asserts that any race aspires for for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was freedom not awarded his Doctor‘s diploma  La Deportacion (Deportation)- a sad danza which  June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was Rizal composed in Dapitan during his exile awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG rating of ―Excellent‖: (Sobresaliente)  February 1, 1886- Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris fro  November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizal‘s family written Germany in Madrid wherein he said ―My doctorate is not of very  February 3, 1886- Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a much value to me… because although it is useful to a historic city in Germany famous for its old university university professor, yet, I believe they (Dominican and romantic surroundings friars—Z) will never appoint me as such in the College *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL  Chess Player‘s Club- a club wherein the students  October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden made Rizal as a member because of being a good where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of the chess player Anthropological and Ethnological Museum  Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German  Rizal heard Mass in a Catholic church; evidently, this ophthalmologist where Rizal worked—University Eye Mass impressed him very much, for he wrote on his Hospital diary: ―Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass  April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem ―A Las Flores whose music had greater sublimity and intonation.‖ de Heidelberg‖ (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)  Morning of November 1, 1886- Rizal left Dresden by  In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the train reaching Berlin in the evening blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite flower—the light BERLIN blue ―forget-me-not‖  Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its  Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village near Heidelberg scientific atmosphere and the absence of race where Rizal spent a three-month summer vacation prejudice  Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor where Rizal  Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, stayed, who became his good friend and admirer celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of  June 25, 1886- Rizal ended his sojourn at Pastor Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and Ullmer‘s home admired during his student days in Manila  May 29, 1887- Rizal wrote from Munich (Muchen) to  Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; Friedrich (Fritz), son of Pastor Ullmer famous German anthropologist  July 31, 1886- Rizal wrote his first letter in German  Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, (which he had improved after his stay with the Ullmers) professor of Descriptive Anatomy to Professor Blumentritt, Director of the Ateneo of  Dr. W. Joest- noted German geographer Leitmeritz, Austria  Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German  Aritmetica (Arithmetic)-Rizal sent this book he ophthalmologist where Rizal worked mentioned and was published in two languages—  Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Spanish and Tagalog—by the University of Santo Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Tomas Press in 1868. the author was Rufino Baltazar Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer  August 6, 1886- the famous University of Heidelberg  Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)- Rizal held its fifth centenary celebration wrote this scholarly paper in German which he read before the society in April 1887 IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN -this paper was published by the society in  August 9, 1886- Rizal left Heidelberg the same year, and elicited favorable comments from  August 14, 1886- boarded by a train. Rizal arrived in all scientific quarters Leipzig  Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified  Professor Friedrich Ratzel- a famous German Germany for five reasons: (1) to gain further historian, Rizal befriend with him knowledge of ophthalmology (2) to further his studies  Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist, a friend of of sciences and languages (3) to observe the economic Rizal and political conditions of the German nation (4) to  In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller‘s William Tell associate with famous German scientists and scholars from German into Tagalog so that Filipino might know (5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere the story of that champion of Swiss independence  Madame Lucie Cerdole-Rizal‘s professor of French  Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his nephews in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the and niece Hans Andersen‘s Fairy Tales French language  Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was  Unter den Linden- the most popular boulevard of cheapest in Europe so that he stayed two months and Berlin wherein Rizal enjoyed promenading, sipping a half beer in the city‘s inns and talking with the friendly  Because of his knowledge of German, Spanish, and Berliners other European languages, Rizal worked as proof-  March 11, 1886- one of Rizal‘s important letters reader in a publisher‘s firm written while he was in Germany that addressed to his sister, Trinidad *The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors. *This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details were written as much as possible. *The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES QUEZON CITY DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCSCI – LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL -in this letter, Rizal expressed his high regard  Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft- a and admiration for German womanhood printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is, -The German woman, said Rizal to his sister, 300 pesos for 2,00 copies of the novel is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. She is not  March 21, 1887- the Noli Me Tangere came off the gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome press  Aside from the German women, Rizal admired the  March 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation German customs which he observed well and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887) it and a complimentary copy, with the following -The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal‘s darkest inscription: ―To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal‖ was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister,  The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which Saturnina, gave him was in the pawnshop. It was means ―Touch Me Not‖. It is not originally conceived memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons (1) it was by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and  Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great 1887, said: ―Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his Gospel of St. Luke, signify ―do not touch me‖ but Rizal first novel, Noli Me Tangere came off the press in made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John March, 1887 (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17)  Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the  Harriet Beecher Stowe‘s Uncle Tom‘s Cabin- Philippines—―To My Fatherland‖ inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict  The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish It is a ketch of explicit symbols. A woman‘s head atop tyrants a Maria Clara bodice represents the nation and the  January 2, 1884- in a reunion of Filipinos in the women, victims of the social cancer. One of the Paterno residence in Madrid, Rizal proposed the causes of the cancer is symbolized in the friar‘s feet, writings of a novel about the Philippines by a group of outsized in relation to the woman‘s head. The other Filipinos aggravating causes of oppression and discrimination  Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the are shown in the guard‘s helmet and the iron chains, novel in Madrid and finished about one-half of it the teacher‘s whip and the alferez‘s scourge. A slight  When Rizal went