Vitamin K and C PDF

Vitamins  Vitamin K - Quinones Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) - from plants sources Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) - made by intestinal bacteria (production can be disturbed by antibiotics, gallstones) Vitamin K3 (menadione, menadiol) - synthetic  Vitamin K  The only fat soluble...

Vitamins  Vitamin K - Quinones Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) - from plants sources Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) - made by intestinal bacteria (production can be disturbed by antibiotics, gallstones) Vitamin K3 (menadione, menadiol) - synthetic  Vitamin K  The only fat soluble vitamin with a specific coenzyme function. Coenzymes == Bind enzymes to promote their Activity == Carriers of electrons, atoms, or chemical groups that participate in the reactions == Organic non-protein molecules == Examples: B vitamins  Required for the production of blood clotting factors, essential for coagulation. Named as antihemorrhagic vitamin.  Clotting factors are synthesized in the liver as inactive precursors - vitamin K converts them to their active forms  Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, an active enzyme  Formation of fibrinogen to fibrin, leading to clot formation  Stimulates bone formation and decreases bone resorption (enables bone protein osteocalcin to bind with calcium).  Anticoagulants == People taking anticoagulant medications such as warfarin need to keep vitamin K intake consistent -Changes in intake can increase or decrease the drug effectiveness.  Vitamin K sources Plant sources Green leafy vegetables Some oils Broccoli Animal sources Liver Milk Also made by bacteria in the gut RDA: men = 120 μg/day, women = 90 μg/day Deficiency: abnormal blood clotting causing bleeding, reduced bone density causing fractures  Water soluble vitamins == B vitamins: involved in converting the energy in carbohydrate, fat, and protein into ATP == Vitamin C: needed to make connective tissue and as an antioxidant == Not stored - need to be consumed regularly == Excreted in urine  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) functions == Synthesis and maintenance of collagen, the base of all connective tissue == Needed for synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, bile acids, and carnitine (needed for fatty acid breakdown) == Antioxidant in blood and body fluids == Helps maintain the immune system == Regenerates active antioxidant form of vitamin E == Enhances iron absorption Vitamin C sources RDA: men = 90 mg/day, women = 75 mg/day Excess: excessive vitamin C supplementation can cause diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps and headache.