4 Core Subject Science 11 Earth & Life Science Q1 Module 4 PDF

Science Quarter 1 – Module 4 Types of Rocks https://www.sandatlas.org/rock-types/ 1 Science– Grade 11 Quarter 1- Types of Rocks Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, pri...

Science Quarter 1 – Module 4 Types of Rocks https://www.sandatlas.org/rock-types/ 1 Science– Grade 11 Quarter 1- Types of Rocks Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: Jessa Ariño-Morales Editor: Emily B. Esmabe Reviewer: Benjie L. Cadag; Chozara P. Duroy Illustrator: Frances C. Morales Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal, Antonio L. Morada 2 Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. S11/12ES-Ib-10 3  Dear Learners, Rocks underpin our lives. They make up the solid structure of the Earth. We live on the rocky surface of the planet, grow our food on weathered debris derived from rocks, and we obtain nearly all of the raw materials with which we founded our civilization from rocks. We use them on a daily basis, usually by walking or driving on them (or on some crushed and reconstituted version thereof). Our homes and office buildings are often made of rock materials; bricks as refined clays, walls as reworked gypsum, dining utensils such as plates, cups and saucers (pottery, ceramic and china), counter tops and floors as slabs of rocks of various origins. Rocks are aggregates of different mineral grains and can be divided into three major families or rock groupings. In this module, you will learn the three classifications of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic). After studying this module, you are expected to classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10) Specifically, you should be able to: 1. describe the characteristics of the three types of rocks; 2. trace the rock cycle; 3. appreciate the importance of rocks in the ecosystem and everyday living. Before you start the lesson, familiarize yourself with the following terms: Erosion - a process by which sediments/soil are transported to places of lower level 4 Igneous- Rock formed by the solidification of molten rock (magma) Mineral- A naturally occurring inorganic substance having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. Sedimentary- Pertaining to rocks formed by the sediment deposition (fragments of rocks, minerals, animal or plant material). Metamorphic- Refers to rock which has been altered by heat or intense pressure at a depth in the earth's crust causing new minerals and new structures in the rock to be formed. Weathering- slow breakdown of rock at the Earth's surface, due to climatic and biological processes. Compaction - The process in which sediments are packed together and buried beneath other sediments. Cementation - Minerals fill the pore spaces between the individual sediment particles, which causes them to stick together. Sediments - The weathered or broken-down fragments of rocks, minerals, and organic materials. Magma - Molten rock or material that forms beneath the surface of the Earth. Let’s see what you know about the lesson that we are going to study today. I. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer on your notebook. 1. Molten rock that forms beneath the surface of the Earth is known as a. sedimentary b. magma c. metamorphic d. lava 2. What type of rock is formed when molten rock cools and solidifies? a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral 3. Marble is an example of what type of rock? 5  a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. mineral 4. Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals are known as: a. salt b. rocks c. ores d. mines 5. What type of rock is formed when heat and pressure are applied to a rock? a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. minera To check whether you have understood the previous lesson, answer the activity below. Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Write your answer on your notebook. 1. Which of the following describes the interior of the Earth? a. is hot b. is solid c. is layered d. all of the above 2. Which of the following pairs of minerals dominate the continental crust? a. calcite and dolomite b. halide and gypsum c. hematite and limonite d. quartz and feldspar 3. Where does oceanic crust form? a. faults b. ridges c. trenches d. beaches 4. Which of the following best describe the characteristic of a mineral? a. solid b. inorganic c. definite composition d. all of these II. Match the minerals in column A with its uses in Column B A B 1. Rutile a. Chalk 2. gypsum b. plaster of Paris 3. gold c. source of iron 4. pyrite d. Paints 5. Apatite e. fertilizer 6. Calcite f. jewelry 6 III. Which of the pictures below are examples of rock-forming minerals? https://www.minerals.net https://www.minerals.net https://www.minerals.net https://www.minimegeology.com/ a. Quartz b. olivine c. feldspar d. marble 1. Are these rocks or rock-forming minerals present in your locality? ___________________________________________________________________ Superb! You did great! This time, let us explore about types of rocks as you perform the different activities presented here. Each activity requires answers that should be written in your notebook to be submitted after you completed the module. Activity 1 Classifying Rocks Directions: Fill in the table then answer the questions that follow. Rocks Characteristic Type of Rock: Describe how it s Metamorphic/ Igneous/ is formed Sedimentary Gneiss Obsidian Basalt Limestone Marble Conglomerate 7 Questions: 1. Describe sedimentary rocks and give an example. 2. Describe igneous rocks and give an example. 3. Describe metamorphic rocks and give an example. 4. Explain how limestone (sedimentary rock) is formed into marble (metamorphic rock). Activity 2 Tracing the Rock Cycle The rock cycle illustrates the ways rocks change from one form to another. There are several different processes in the rock cycle which cause rocks to change form. Write the terms melting, heat and pressure, compaction and cementation, solidifying, weathering and erosion in the correct blanks for letters A to E). For numbers 1-5, name the type of rock or kind of material. Fill in these terms as you proceed in a clockwise direction on the diagram. Once you have done, you have created a finished map of the rock cycle. Illustrated by: Frances C. Morales Answer the following questions: 1. What forces change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock? 2. How is molten rock formed, and what type of rock does it create when it hardens? 3. Describe how sediments form 4. Provide an example of each of the three rock types. 5. Explain why the rock cycle is referred to as a “cycle”. 8  Activity 3 Rock Around the Rock Cycle In the rock cycle, rocks break down and build up, slowly changing from one type to another. Rock around the rock cycle and find out how these changes take place. Part 1: Read each group of sentences below and choose the correct words to complete them. Write each word in its corresponding blank. Illustrated by: Frances C. Morales Part 2: Using the completed diagram, explain how each type of rock is formed. 1. How igneous rock is formed? 2. How sedimentary rock is formed? 3. How metamorphic rock is formed? 9  Activity 4 Check your Vocabulary Identify the terms being describe by each statement below. Choose your answer from the words inside the box. __________1. Non-living substances made up of one or more minerals. __________2. A natural substance that has a definite crystal structure __________3. Molten rock located under the Earth’s surface __________4. Rocks that are formed when molten rock cools __________5. Rocks formed when sediments are compacted and cemented together. __________6. Rocks that have changed from one type to another as a result of heat, pressure, or chemical reaction __________7. Molten rock that is above the Earth’s surface __________8. The process responsible for breaking down rocks and other materials into smaller and smaller pieces. __________9. The process of transporting weathered rocks, particles, and sediments from one place to another. __________10. The process rocks move through over time, changing from one form to another Now, read and understand the lesson on types of rocks and rock cycle. Rocks are mixtures, or aggregates, of different minerals. Rocks are solid materials that comprise most of Earth. They form the landscape and provide us with valuable resources. Generally, rocks can be divided into three major types based on the process of their formation. These are igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks An igneous rock is formed by the hardening and crystallization of molten material that originates from deep within the earth. The rock material is called magma. An igneous rock is divided into 2 groups, extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive rocks form when magma flows onto the surface of the earth or floor of the ocean through deep cracks or fissures 10 and at volcanic vents. The magma then cools and hardens. An intrusive rock results when magma solidifies beneath the earth's surface. Extrusive rocks have finer grained texture than intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks vary from thin sheets to huge, irregular masses. Examples of igneous rocks are Andecite, Basalt, Dacite, Diabase, Diorite, Gabbro, Granite, obsidian, Pegmatite, Pumice, Peridotite, Rhyolite, Scoria, Tuff, Unakite Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks develop from sediments. Sediments are tiny grains of dirt, sand, mud and clay weathered or worn off rocks. These are then washed into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans and they settle in the bottom of these bodies of water. Minerals in the water and very tiny sea animals become mixed with the dirt and sand to form layers of sediment. Every day more sediments are added. After thousands and millions of years deep accumulations of sediment are produced. The weight and pressure from the upper layers turn the sediment in the bottom into sedimentary rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks are Brecia, Caliche, Chalk, Chert, Coal, Conglomerate, Diatomite, Dolomite, Flint, Iron Ore, Limestone, Shale and Sandstone. The Island of Cebu is famous for its limestone and dolomite deposits. Metamorphic rocks These rocks can come from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or even from other metamorphic rocks. When a rock is subjected to high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluids, it becomes unstable and begins to re-crystallize into different stable minerals. This causes change in the composition of the rock as well as the rock type. Examples of metamorphic rocks include Amphibolite, Anthracite, Gneiss, Hornfels, Lapiz Lazuli, Marble, Mariposite, Novaculite, Phylite, Quartzite, Schist, Scarn, Slate, Soapstone The Island of Romblon is famous for its marble rocks. Mindoro Island has marble rocks too. Key Characteristics of rocks 1. Crystals 2. Fossils 3. Gas 4. Glassy 5. Ribbonlike 6. Sand or Small, flat Imprints of bubbles surface layers pebbles surfaces leaves, "Holes," like A shiny and Straight or Individual that are shells, Swiss smooth wavy stripes stones, shiny or insects, or surface, like of different pebbles, or 11  sparkly, like other items cheese, in colored colors in the sand grains tiny mirrors. in the rock. the rock. glass. rock. visible in the rock. Photo credits: Rock photos Copyright © Jerome Wyckoff and Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch, courtesy Earth Science World Image Bank. Examples of Rocks Rocks Description Classification This rock has ribbonlike Metamorphic layers. It is gneiss (pronounced "nice"). Gneiss forms from other rocks that have been squeezed and heated for a long time deep within the earth’s crust. Gneiss can often be seen on mountainsides, where rocks 1. GNEISS formed below the surface have Photo obtained from the Earth Science World been pushed up by movements Image Bank. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch in the earth’s crust. This rock has crystals. This Metamorphic is marble. It is formed when limestone is pushed down into the earth and subjected to intense heat and pressure for a long period of time. Some marble is pure white, while some has colorful 2. MARBLE swirls. Marble is found in Photo obtained from the Earth Science World mountainsides and quarries Image Bank. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch (pits dug into the earth) and is often used in construction and sculpture. This rock has gas bubbles. Igneous These bubbles form when hot lava from a volcano contains gases that escape from the rock as the lava cools. This is basalt. Usually very dark in color, basalt is the most common rock type in 12  3. BASALT earth’s crust and makes up Photo obtained from the Earth Science World most of the ocean floor. Image Bank. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch This rock has a glassy surface. Igneous It is obsidian, which is created from lava that cools so quickly that no crystals can form on its surface. It can be found near volcanic lava flows, and was often used to make arrowheads because its edges are very sharp. 4. OBSIDIAN Photo obtained from the Earth Science World Image Bank. Copyright © Dr. Richard Busch You can see fossils in this rock. Sedimentary The fossils formed when seashells and the skeletons of marine animals were compressed into the sea floor, along with other sediment. This rock is called limestone, and is often found near oceans and 5. LIMESTONE lakes. Photo obtained from the Earth Science World Image Bank. Copyright © Jerome Wyckoff. Sand and pebbles are visible in Sedimentary this rock. It is called conglomerate, which is made up of pebbles, stones, and smaller particles pressed together by the action of waves or water. The rock is often found in large expanses or beds. 6. CONGLOMERATE Finding a bed Image courtesy Glendale Community College. Copyright © Stan Celestian. of conglomerate is a great clue that a river or beach once existed in that location. How rocks change: The Rock Cycle The Rock Cycle is a group of changes that occurs in rocks. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock. 13  Source: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-1-the-rock-cycle/ Processes in the Rock Cycle Weathering & Erosion All objects on the earth's surface are exposed to the wind, along with many other elements — water, the sun, temperature changes. Over time, these factors wear objects down and break them apart. The resulting bits and pieces of material are called sediment. Sediment is then transported by wind and water, often ending up far from where it started. These processes of breakdown and transport due to exposure to the environment are called weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion affect all rocks on the earth's surface. Compacting & Cementing Over time, sediment accumulates in oceans, lakes, and valleys, eventually building up in layers and weighing down the material underneath. This weight presses the sediment particles together, compacting them. Water passing through the spaces in between the particles helps to cement them together even more. This process of compacting and cementing sediment forms sedimentary rock. The concept of the rock cycle is attributed to James Hutton (1726–1797), the 18th- century founder of modern geology. The main idea is that rocks are continually changing from one type to another and back again, as forces inside the earth bring them closer to the surface (where they are weathered, eroded, and compacted) and forces on the earth sink them back down (where they are heated, pressed, and melted). So the elements that make up rocks are never created or destroyed — instead, they are constantly being recycled. The rock cycle helps us to see that the earth is like a giant rock recycling machine. Heat & Pressure 14  Due to movements in the crust, rocks are frequently pulled under the surface of the earth, where temperatures increase dramatically the farther they descend. Between 100 and 200 kilometers (62 and 124 miles) below the earth's surface, temperatures are hot enough to melt most rocks. However, before the melting point is reached, a rock can undergo fundamental changes while in a solid state — morphing from one type to another without melting. An additional factor that can transform rocks is the pressure caused by tons of other rocks pressing down on it from above; heat and pressure usually work together to alter the rocks under the earth's surface. This kind of change, which results from both rising temperature and pressure, is called metamorphism, and the resulting rock is a metamorphic rock. Melting It takes a lot of heat to melt a rock. The high temperatures required are generally found only deep within the earth. The rock is pulled down by movements in the earth's crust and gets hotter and hotter as it goes deeper. It takes temperatures between 600 and 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,100 and 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit) to melt a rock, turning it into a substance called magma (molten rock). Cooling Liquid magma also turns into a solid — a rock — when it is cooled. Any rock that forms from the cooling of magma is an igneous rock. Magma that cools quickly forms one kind of igneous rock, and magma that cools slowly forms another kind. When magma rises from deep within the earth and explodes out of a volcano, it is called lava, and it cools quickly on the surface. Rock formed in this way is called extrusive igneous rock. It is extruded, or pushed, out of the earth's interior and cools outside of or very near the earth's surface. If the magma doesn't erupt out of a volcano, but instead gets pushed slowly upward toward the earth's surface over hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years, This magma will also cool, but at a much slower rate than lava erupting from a volcano. The kind of rock formed in this way is called intrusive igneous rock. It intrudes, or pushes, into the earth's interior and cools beneath the surface. 15