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MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY DELTOID MUSCLE M. (M. DELTOIDEUS) It forms the characteristic relief of the shoulder. It has three parts. pars cavicularis (anterior part); 1/3 lateral part of the clavicula, , pars acromialis (middle part); acromion pars spinalis (posterior pa...

MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY DELTOID MUSCLE M. (M. DELTOIDEUS) It forms the characteristic relief of the shoulder. It has three parts. pars cavicularis (anterior part); 1/3 lateral part of the clavicula, , pars acromialis (middle part); acromion pars spinalis (posterior part); starts from the spina scapulae. The common tendon of the three parts inserts into the tuberositas deltoidea (detoid tuberosity) on the body of the humerus. It is the main abductor muscle of the arm. It functions in all movements of the arm except adduction. The pars clavicularis allows flexion and internal rotation of the arm with the pectoralis major, the pars spinalis allows external rotation and extension with the latissimus dorsi and teres major, and the pars acromialis allows abduction of the arm from 15° to 90°. It is the muscle that allows the upper limbs to swing forward (flexion) and backward (extension) during walking. It holds the humeral head in the cavitas glenoidalis (glenoid cavity) during arm movements. It prevents the humerus from sliding down, especially when carrying weights in the hand. It is stimulated by the axillary n. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY DELTOIDEUS; In axillary nerve palsy, the characteristic bulge of the shoulder disappears due to muscle atrophy, abduction movement of the arm is impaired, and skin sensation is lost in the upper part of the outer surface of the arm. It is the only scapular muscle that functions in all movements of the arm except adduction. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY TERES MAJOR M. It starts on the dorsal aspect of the lateral edge of the scapula, close to the angulus inferior. The insertion tendon inserts into the crista tuberculi minoris on the humerus. It allows adduction, internal rotation and extension of the arm. It is similar in function to latissimus dorsi m. It holds the humeral head, which moves upward during abduction, in the cavitas glenoidalis by pressing downward with the teres minor m. It participates in the formation of the posterior wall of the axillary fossa. Together with the latissimus dorsi m., it forms the posterior wall of the axillary fossa. Stimulated by inferior subscapular n. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; The "rotator cuff" is a mass of tendons that fuses with the capsule of the shoulder joint. The muscles to which these tendons belong play an important role in holding the humeral head in the cavitas glenoidalis by supporting the shoulder joint with their tonus. It is the most important structure that gives strength to the articulatio humeri. (S)upraspinatus, (I)nfraspinatus, (t)eres minor, (S)ubscapularis SItS kasları olarak bilinirler. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; Supraspinatus m.; It starts from the fossa supraspinata on the posterior aspect of the scapula. It inserts into the upper part and the upper surface of the shoulder joint capsule (tuberculum majus) It is the muscle that initiates the abduction movement of the arm. It makes the first 15° of abduction. Although it is a rotator cuff muscle, has no function in rotatory movements of the arm. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; Infraspinatus m.; It starts from the fossa infraspinata on the posterior aspect of the scapula. The resultant tendon inserts into the middle part of the tuberculum majus and the posterior aspect of the shoulder joint capsule. It allows external rotation of the arm. It is the main external rotator muscle of the arm. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; Teres minor m.; It starts over the dorsal aspect of the lateral edge of the scapula. The resultant tendon inserts into the lower part of the tuberculum majus and the posterior aspect of the capsule of the shoulder joint. It allows external rotation of the arm. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; Subscapularis m.; It fills the fossa subscapularis on the anterior surface of the scapula and starts from there. It inserts into the tuberculum minus of the humerus and the anterior aspect of the shoulder joint capsule. It is the only muscle that inserts into the tuberculum minus of the humerus (the other rotator cuff muscles insert into the tuberculum majus). It allows internal rotation of the arm. It is the main muscle for internal rotation of the arm. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; MUSCLE FUNCTION INSERTION NERVE Supraspinatus m. 0-15° abduction Tuberculum majus Suprascapular n. Infraspinatus m. External rotation Tuberculum majus Suprascapular n. Teres minor m. External rotation Tuberculum majus Axillary n. Subscapularis m. Internal rotation Tuberculum minus Subscapular n. MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES; M. supraspinatus M. infraspinatus M. teres minor M. subscapularis MUSCLES OF ARM (MUSCULI BRACHII) It is divided into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments by the septum intermusculare brachii laterale and mediale. MUSCLES OF ARM (MUSCULI BRACHII) Biceps brachii m.; It is a two-headed, fusiform-shaped muscle. The short head (caput breve) originates from the processus coracoideus and the long head from the tuberculum supraglenoidale within the shoulder joint. The tendon of the long head passes through the joint capsule and travels downward in the sulcus intertubercularis to fuse with the mass of the muscle. The resultant tendon of the two heads fuses and inserts into the tuberositas radii of the radius. The medially aponeurotic extension of the tendon (aponeurosis bicipitalis, lacertus fibrosus) merges into the fascia antebrachii. M. biceps brachii has no attachment to the humerus. M. biceps brachii is a powerful supinator muscle. It is particularly active in rapid or forceful supination of the forearm. In addition, it flexes the forearm (especially effective when the forearm is supinated). It also helps flexion of the arm. MUSCLES OF ARM (MUSCULI BRACHII) Biceps brachii m. Brachialis m.; It starts from the anterior face of the lower half of the humeral shaft and septum intermusculare mediale, inserts into the tuberositas ulnae and processus coronoideus at the ulna. It is the main flexor muscle of the forearm. It is always active during flexion of the forearm and is primarily responsible for maintaining flexion Coracobrachialis m.; It is located on the upper inner part of the arm. It starts from the end of the processus coracoideus with a common tendon with the caput breve of the m. biceps brachii. Attaches to the middle 1/3 of the inner edge of the humerus. N. musculocuteneus pierces this muscle. It allows some flexion (forward, inward) and adduction of the arm. Muscles of posterior part (extensor compartment); Triceps brachii m.; It is the only muscle located at the back of the arm. It has three heads, caput longum starts from the tuberculum infraglenoidale, caput laterale from the body of the humerus above the sulcus radialis, caput mediale from the body of the humerus below the sulcus radialis. The common resultant tendon of the three heads inserts into the olecranon at the ulna. It is the main and only extensor muscle of the forearm. MUSCLES IN THE SHOULDER JOINT THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE ARM; FLEXION EXTENSION m. pectoralis major, m. teres major, m. coracobrachialis, m. latissimus dorsi m. biceps brachii m. deltoideus, m. deltoideus MUSCLES IN THE SHOULDER JOINT THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE ARM; ABDUCTION ADDUCTION m. supraspinatus, m. pectoralis major, m. serratus anterior, m. latissimus dorsi, m. deltoideus, m. teres major, m. tarapezius, m. oracobrachialis, m. subscapularis, MUSCLES IN THE SHOULDER JOINT THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE ARM; MEDIAL ROTATION EXTERNAL ROTATION m. subscapularis, m. infraspinatus, m. teres major, m. teres minor, m. latissimus dorsi, m. deltoideus, m. pectoralis major, m. deltoideus, MUSCLES OF FOREARM (MUSCULI ANTEBRACHII) ANTERIOR REGION (FLEXOR) MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES EXTENSOR MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM SUPERFICIAL LAYER EXTENSOR MUSCLES DEEP LAYER EXTENSOR MUSCLES SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES They start from the epicondylus medialis of the humerus with a common tendon. All except the flexor carpi ulnaris m., which is stimulated by the ulnar n. They are stimulated by the median n. M. pronator teres M. flexor digitorum superficialis M. flexor carpi radialis M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. palmaris longus SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES PRONATOR TERES M.; It starts with two heads from the humerus and ulna. The caput humerale starts from the epicondylus medialis and forearm fascia and the caput ulnare starts from the medial side of the processus coronoideus. The median nerve passes between the two heads. The insertio tendon inserts into the outer surface of the middle part of the radius shaft (tuberositas pronatoria). It turns the radius inward (pronation). It assists the pronator quadratus muscle, which only works in fast or strong pronation. It also weakly flexes the forearm. SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS M.; It is a two-headed muscle located deep to the superficial muscles. Caput humeroulnare starts from the medial side of the medial epicondyle and processus coronoideus and lig. collaterale ulnare, caput radiale starts from the anterior face of the radius The main tendon of the muscle divides into four tendons. Each tendon partially crosses (chiasma tendinum;) at the bases of the proximal phalanges, splits into two (through the opening pass the tendons of the m. flexor digitorum profundus) and terminates on either side of the bodies of the middle phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS M.; Fast and strong flexion of the 2nd-5th fingers. It mainly flexes the middle phalanges. It also flexes the forearm and wrist. SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS M.; The insertion tendon inserts into the palmar aspect of the base of the second metacarpal bone, passing through the canal formed by an extension from the flexor retinaculum. The tendon of this muscle is located most laterally (radially) on the anterior side of the wrist. The tendon is a guide for the radial a. The artery is lateral to this tendon in the distal forearm, medial to the tendon of the m.brachioradialis. The pulsation of the artery is taken between these tendons. The median n. is medial to the resultant tendon. It allows flexion and abduction (radial deviation) of the hand. SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS M.; It starts with two heads from the humerus and ulna. The caput humerale starts from the medial epicondyle, the caput ulnare from the medial edge of the olecranon and the ulna. The two heads are joined by a tendinous arch. The passage formed here is called the cubital tunnel, through which the n. ulnaris passes. The terminal tendon terminates at the os pisiforme. The os pisiforme is inside the tendon of this muscle. It causes flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand. SUPERFICIAL LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES PALMARIS LONGUS M.; The tendon passes superficial (anterior) to the flexor retinaculum in the wrist and inserts into the aponeurosis palmaris. It is the only forearm muscle whose tendon inserts into the aponeurosis palmaris. It is located proximal to the wrist, below the n. medianus tendon. It allows flexion of the hand. It stretches the aponeurosis palmaris. MUSCULI MANUS (MUSCLES OF HAND) APONEUROSIS PALMARIS; t is a thick and strong fibrous structure. The aponeurosis palmaris protects the muscles and tendons beneath it and helps with the grasping movement of the hand. DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES M. FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS; M. FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS; M. PRONATOR QUADRATUS; DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS M.; It is the largest and strongest forearm muscle. the upper part of the body of the ulna, from the processus coronoideus and membrana interossea antebrachii. The resultant tendon divides into four tendons behind (or below) the flexor retinaculum. These tendons pass through slits in the tendons of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis and terminate on the palmar faces of the bases of the distal phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS M.; It is the only muscle in the forearm stimulated by the ulnar and median nerves. It is an important muscle in the grasping movement of the hand. It flexes the distal phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. It helps flexion of the hand. Works in slow and gentle flexion of the fingers. The lumbirical muscles start from the tendon of this muscle. DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS M.; It starts from the anterior aspect of the radius and the membrana interossea antebrachii, It terminates on the palmar aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. It allows flexion of the thumb. DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES PRONATOR QUADRATUS M.; It is a quadrangular muscle located deepest in the anterior aspect of the forearm. It starts from the ¼ lower anterior surface of the ulna and attaches to the ¼ lower anterior surface of the radius. It is the only muscle that attaches to the ulna with one end and to the radius with the other end. It holds the ulna and radius together. It is the main pronator muscle of the forearm. Medial epikondilitis (golfer’s elbow); It is caused by continuous use of the flexor muscles of the forearm. Continuous and forceful movements stretch the common flexor tendon and cause inflammation of the medial epicondyle. It is characterized by pain on the medial side of the elbow. DEEP MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM POSTERIOR FACE; ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS M.; It starts from the posterior aspect of the ulna, the membrana interossea antebrachii and the posterior aspect of the middle 1/3 of the radius shaft, It inserts into the os trapezium and the radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone. It causes abduction and extension of the thumb. DEEP MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM POSTERIOR FACE; EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS M.; It starts from the posterior aspect of the middle 1/3 of the body of the ulna and the membrana interossea antebrachii and inserts into the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb. It causes extension of the thumb. EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS M.; It starts from the posterior aspect of the radius and the membrana interossea antebrachii and inserts into the superiorexternal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Extends the thumb. FOVEA RADIALIS (ANATOMICAL SNUFFBOX) medially; tendon of the m. extensor pollicis longus, laterally; tendon of m. extensor pollicis brevis and m. abductor pollicis longus), proximally; retinaculum musculorum extensorum. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM BACK; Extensor digitorum m.; It starts from the lateral epicondyle and septum intermusculare laterale. The main tendon divides distally into four tendons and terminates on the dorsal surfaces of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers. On the dorsal surface of the hand, neighboring tendons are joined by fibrous transverse bands called connexus intertendineus. It extends the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th phalanges. The effect is more pronounced in the proximal phalanges. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES ON THE BACK OF THE FOREARM; Extensor digiti minimi m.; It extends from the lateral epicondyle to the dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th finger. It extends the fifth finger and the hand. Extensor carpi ulnaris m.; It starts from the lateral epicondyle and posterior margin of the ulna and attaches to the base of the 5th metacarpal. It causes extension and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES ON THE BACK OF THE FOREARM; EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS M. It starts from the common tendon and the posterior margin of the ulna. The resultant tendon inserts into the medial side of the base of the fifth metacarpal bone. It causes extension and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the hand. EXTESOR MUSCLES ANCONEUS M. It is a small triangular muscle behind the elbow joint. It starts from the epicondylus lateralis of the humerus and inserts into the outer side of the olecranon and the posterior aspect of the ulna. It helps the extension of the forearm. It is stimulated by the radial nerve. DEEP LAYER FLEXOR MUSCLES ANCONEUS M. It is a small triangular muscle behind the elbow joint. It starts from the epicondylus lateralis of the humerus and inserts into the outer side of the olecranon and the posterior aspect of the ulna. It helps the extension of the forearm. It is stimulated by the radial nerve. DEEP MUSCLES ON THE BACK OF THE FOREARM; EXTENSOR INDICIS M.; It is medial to and parallel to m. extensor pollicis longus. It starts from the posterior aspect of the ulna and membrana interossea antebrachii and ends by joining the tendon of the m. extensor digitorum to the index finger. It assists in the extension of the index finger and hand. DEEP MUSCLES ON THE BACK OF THE FOREARM; SUPINATOR M.; It starts from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, the crista musculi supinatorius, ligamentum annulare radii and ligamentum collaterale radiale at the ulna and inserts into the outer surface of the proximal 1/3 of the radius. External rotation of the radius. It works alone in the slow supination movement. In strong or fast supination, m. biceps brachii also participates in the movement. Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow); It is the result of repetitive use of the extensor muscles of the forearm or repetitive vigorous supinationpronation movements of the forearm. Repetitive movements stretch the common tendon, causing inflammation of the lateral epicondyle. It is characterized by pain over the epicondylus lateralis and the posterior aspect of the forearm. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; It is an entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. There is burning or pinprick pain on the palmar aspect of the hand in the distribution area of the median nerve and weakening of the function of the tenar muscles. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) I - MUSCLES THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE THUMB (TENAR MUSCLES) AND ADDUCTOR POLLICIS M. The tenar muscles are three muscles that make the thumb do the same movements as their names. They form the tenar ridge. They are stimulated by the median nerve. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) I - MUSCLES THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE THUMB (TENAR MUSCLES) AND ADDUCTOR POLLICIS M. M. abductor pollicis brevis M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) I - MUSCLES THAT GIVE MOVEMENT TO THE THUMB (TENAR MUSCLES) AND ADDUCTOR POLLICIS M. M. abductor pollicis brevis M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) II - MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE LITTLE FINGER MOVE (HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES) There are three of them and they are stimulated by the ulnar nerve. They give the little finger the same movements as their names. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) II - MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE LITTLE FINGER MOVE (HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES) M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi M. opponens digiti minimi HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) II - MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE LITTLE FINGER MOVE (HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES) M. abductor digiti minimi M. flexor digiti minimi M. opponens digiti minimi HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) II - MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE LITTLE FINGER MOVE (HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES) M. abductor pollicis brevis M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis brevis M. opponens pollicis HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) III- OTHER MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE FINGERS MOVE LUMBRICALES MM. These muscles are a bridge connecting the flexor tendons to the extensor tendons. They are four worm-like (lumbricus; worm) muscles that start from the tendons of the M. flexor digitorum profundus. The resulting tendons terminate in the dorsal digital expansion on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of the corresponding finger. Therefore, neither the origin nor the insertion of the lumbrical muscles is formed by bone. The first and second lumbirical muscles are stimulated by the n. medianus, the third and fourth by the r. profundus (deep branch) of the ulnar n. The lumbrical muscles cause flexion of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd-5th fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the other phalanges at the interphalangeal joints. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) III- OTHER MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE FINGERS MOVE LUMBRICALES MM. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) III- OTHER MUSCLES THAT MAKE THE FINGERS MOVE INTEROSSEI PALMARES MM. There are three unipennate muscles. There is no palmar interosseous muscle of the middle finger. It starts from the bodies of the metacarpal bones along their entire length and terminates at the base of the proximal phalanx and at the dorsal digital expansion. These muscles adduct the 2nd, 4th and 5th fingers relative to the long axis of the third finger. INTEROSSEI DORSALES MM. ; They are located in the dorsal half of the metacarpal spaces. They are four muscles starting from the adjacent faces of the two metacarpal bones. They attach to the base and dorsal aponeuroses of the proximal phalanges of the fingers. Its function is to abduct the fingers. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) INTEROSSEI PALMARES MM. INTEROSSEI DORSALES MM. HAND MUSCLES (MUSCULI MANUS) INTEROSSEI PALMARES MM. INTEROSSEI DORSALES MM.