LEC 1 Energy Resources And Renewable Energy PDF

ENERGY RESOURCES And RENEWABLE ENERGY LEC. 1 EPE 103  Dr. Nehad Salah Eldean Anwar Ali  Graduation Year: May 2000  Master‘s 2007  PH. D 2018  TOTAL CONTENT  Identifying all energy resources  Rank and classifica...

ENERGY RESOURCES And RENEWABLE ENERGY LEC. 1 EPE 103  Dr. Nehad Salah Eldean Anwar Ali  Graduation Year: May 2000  Master‘s 2007  PH. D 2018  TOTAL CONTENT  Identifying all energy resources  Rank and classifications of different energies  Regenerative energy resources  Possible energy conversions  Cautionary and Safety measures and introduction to environmental issues CODE OF CONDUCT BOOKS BOOKS  Degree Policy Semester work 20 (Att., Report, quiz) Section 10 O/P 20 Final Exam 50 Total 100 What is your name? What is/are your hobby/hoppies?  LECTURE OBJECT  Introduction on energy resources.  Types of energy resources.  Definitions of Renewable energy resources:  Solar Energy  Wind Energy  Hydro Energy  Bio mass Energy  Geothermal Energy  Wave Energy  Introduction  The term “energy” is basically derived from the Greek word “energeia” and two French words “en” and “ergon,” which mean “in” and “work,” respectively.  The term energy can be defined as “the quantitative property of any object capable of forcing the body to do work” or “the quantitative property that can heat the object.”  This energy can be in the form of electricity, heat, or mechanical energy.  Earth's main sources of energy resources can be divided into two categories, namely, renewable and non-renewable.  Energy  Wor k is the force on an object, which is then moved through some distance. Work = Force * Distance or W = F * D, joule (J), J = newton (N) meter (m)  Objects in motion can do work; therefore, they possess energy, kinetic energy (KE): KE = 0.5 mv2 where m is the mass of the object, and v is its speed.  EX: A car with a mass of 1,000 kg moving at 10 m/s has the following kinetic energy:  KE = 0.5 * 1,000 * 10 * 10 = 50,000 J  Energy  Because objects interact (e.g., by gravity), then due to their relative position they can do work or have energy, potential energy (PE).  Power is the rate of energy use or production. Power = Energy/time, joule/second = Watt  If power is known, then energy can be calculated for any time period. E=P*t  A kilowatt (kW) is a measure of power, and a kilowatt hour (kWh) is a measure of energy.  Energy  Potential Energy  Potential energy is the energy stored in an object or system of objects. Potential energy can transform into a more obvious form of kinetic energy. Types of Energy Resources  Potential energy  Chemical Potential Energy  Chemical potential energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of the substance. The energy can be absorbed and released due to a change in the particle number of the given species.  Chemical Potential Energy Examples 1. Before the sun shines on the green leaves (potential photosynthesis) 2. Gasoline before it is ignited 3. Fireworks before they are launched  Electric Potential Energy  Electric potential energy is the energy that is needed to move a charge against an electric field.  Electric Potential Energy Examples An incandescent light bulb that is turned off A radio tower that is not working A black-light turned off A television before it is turned on  Elastic Potential Energy  Elastic potential energy is stored as a result of applying a force to deform an elastic object. The energy is stored until the force is removed and the object springs back to its original shape, doing work in the process. The deformation could involve compressing, stretching or twisting the object.  Elastic Potential Energy Examples 1. A spring that is coiled 2. The string of an archer’s bow is pulled back 3. Rubber band that has been stretched  Gravitational Potential Energy  Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its vertical position or height. A book on a high bookshelf has a higher gravitational potential energy than a book on the bottom bookshelf.  Gravitational Potential Energy Examples 1. River water at the top of a waterfall 2. A book on a table before it falls 3. A car that is parked at the top of a hill  Kinetic Energy  Mechanical Energy  Mechanical energy is the energy associated with the mechanical movement of objects. This type of energy can also be referred to as motion energy.  Electrical Energy  The flow of negatively charged electrons around a circuit results in electricity which we more commonly refer to as electrical energy.  Thermal Energy  Thermal energy is similar to radiant energy and is experienced in the form of heat or warmth. While radiant energy refers to waves or particles, thermal energy describes the activity level among the atoms and molecules in an object. This is the only difference between radiant energy and thermal energy.  Some examples of thermal energy include: 1. The geothermal energy that comes from the decay of natural minerals and the volcanic action of the earth is an example of thermal energy. 2. When you heat up the pizza in the oven, you raise the pizza’s temperature. The molecules that make up the pizza move more quickly when the pizza is piping hot. 3. The warmth you feel emanating from the engine is an example of thermal energy.  Radiant energy  Radiant energy is the type of energy that travels by waves or particles. This energy is created through electromagnetic waves and is most commonly experienced by humans in the form of heat. Following are a few examples of radiant energy:  When you turn on an incandescent light bulb, it gives off two forms of energy. There is visible light and heat that is generated. Both these generated energies are a form of radiant energy.  Sunlight is an example of radiant energy.  Sound Energy Humans experience the vibrations that reach the human ear as sound. The disturbance moves in the form of waves through a medium like air and reaches our eardrum. On reaching the eardrum, these vibrations are converted into electrical signals and sent to the brain, which we interpret as the sensation of sound. Energy sources Nonrenewable Energy Resources  Non-renewable resources  Non-renewable energy is energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain underground unless released by human interaction.  Non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, are exhaustible and cannot be replaced once they have been used up. Or taking millions of years to form again e.g. fossil fuels, uranium & plutonium, etc. Renewable Energy Resources  Renewable resources  Renewable energy is energy obtained from naturally repetitive and persistent flows of energy occurring in the local environment. For renewable energy the scale of practical application ranges from tens to many millions of watts.  However, for each application, five questions should be asked: 1. How much energy is available in the immediate environment; what are the resources? 2. What technologies can harness these resources? 3. How can the energy be used efficiently; what is the end-use? 4. What is the environmental impact of the technology, including its implications for climate change? 5. What is the cost-effectiveness of the energy supply as compared with other supplies? Comparison Between Advantages And Disadvantages Of Energy Resources source of energy Advantages / Explanation resources Disadvantages Reliable Non-exhaustible Less polluted Advantages Less maintenance costs Renewable Increases public health and wellbeing standards Intermittent or seasonal Disadvantages Lower efficiency Higher initial costs  High energy output Advantages Easy to produce and use Abundance and affordability Non-renewable Decreased public health and wellbeing standards Chemical and particulate matter pollution Disadvantages Exhaustible Non-recyclable and hard to dispose of residues and by-products  SOLAR ENERGY  It is the power resulted from the conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells.  Photovoltaic modules (PVs), or solar panels, are electrical semiconductors, like transistors. They are made of layers of silicon. They convert photons from light into electric current, to do useful work, like charging a battery or powering a motor.  Most PV modules are actually groups of individual cells, connected to provide a voltage of about 17 volts. When the voltage of the PV module is slightly higher than the battery voltage, electricity will flow from the PV into the battery, like water flowing downhill.  Battery systems provide a means of storing the harvested energy for later use.  WIND ENERGY  The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences in temperature at the Earth's surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind energy can be used to pump water or generate electricity by using windmills.  Windmills use turbines to convert rotational energy into electricity that can reliably flow into a grid.  Wind power suffers from the same lack of energy density as direct solar radiation. The fact that it is a "very diffuse source" means that "large numbers of wind generators (and thus large land areas) are required to produce useful amounts of heat or electricity.  HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY  Hydro Generators can be divided into basically two types, low head, and high head.  In a typical high head system, a pipe contains water from a source high above, a stream or lake. The water at the bottom end of the pipe is under pressure from the weight of all the water above it. When released through a nozzle, a jet of water sprays out and hits a special wheel with cups, called a Pelton wheel, causing it to spin. The spinning wheel turns a generator which produces power.  In a typical low head system propellers or turbine blades are turned by the water in a stream or lake overflow. This type of hydro generator can also be attached to sailboats.  BIO ENERGY  Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the world. Unfortunately the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth. This process releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gasses into the atmosphere and is a major contributor to unhealthy air in many areas.  Some of the more modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation and production of alcohol for automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants.  Fuels like bioethanol or biodiesel are cleaner than conventional fossil fuels and can help countries stay within their carbon budgets.  GEAOTHERMAL ENERGY  This thermal energy is contained in the rock and fluids beneath Earth’s crust. It can be found from shallow ground to several miles below the surface, and even farther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma.  These molten rocks formed in the Earth’s crust are pushed upward where they get trapped in certain regions called ‘hot spots.’ When underground water comes in contact with the hot spot, steam is generated.  Geothermal water from deeper in the Earth can be used directly for heating homes and offices, or for growing plants in greenhouses.  WAVE ENERGY  The possibility of generating useful power from waves has been realized for many years.  Some of the solar energy received by the Earth is converted to wind energy, and some is converted to wave energy using a variety of wave power generation systems (WPGS). Waves are a free and sustainable energy resource created as wind blows over the ocean’s surface. The greater the distances involved, the higher and longer the waves will be.  Wave power generation is still at an experimental stage. The wave energy devices being developed and tested today are highly diverse. Attenuators are multi-segment floating structures parallel to the waves and ride the waves like a ship. Segments are connected to hydraulic pumps to generate power as the waves move across. Power is fed via a common subsea cable to the shore. A point absorber is a floating buoy inside a fixed cylinder. The relative up and down bobbing motion caused by passing waves is used to drive electromechanical or hydraulic energy converters to generate power. In overtopping devices, the incoming waves fill the reservoir like a dam. Water collected is then released to turn hydro turbines to generate electrical power. In another method, waves outside a chamber constructed in the sea cause water level to oscillate in the chamber up and down which in return acts like a huge piston on the air above the water, pushing it back and forth. As with other wave energy converters, oscillating wave column technology produces no greenhouse gas emissions making it a non-polluting and renewable source of energy, created by natural transfer of wind energy through a Wells turbine. The advantage of this shoreline scheme is the main moving part; the turbine can be easily removed for repair or maintenance because it is on land