Data Transmission Modes and Standards PDF

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering...

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 47 Module 4: DATA TRANSMISSION MODE AND STANDARDS Objectives At the end of the chapter, the students would be able to: Gain knowledge and understanding to data transmission mode and standards. Understand the function of each layers of the OSI model in data transmission. Learn the similarities of each layers of the TCP/IP model to the OSI model. INTRODUCTION A system that outlines the products and services necessary for the individual components within data communications network to operate together is called network architecture. This define the set of equipment, transmission media, and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events in a network occurs in the proper order to produce the intended results. DATA TRANSMISSION MODE It is also called Directional Mode. It defines the direction of the flow of information between two communication devices. It specifies the direction of the flow of information from one place to another in a computer network. It mainly decides the direction of data in which the data needs to travel to reach the receiver system or node. Different data transmission modes are categorized based on the direction of exchange, synchronization between the transmitter and receiver, and the number of bits sent simultaneously in a computer network. Data Transmission Category Based on Direction of Exchange of Information The data transmission modes can be characterized in the following three types based on the direction of exchange of information: 1. Simplex Ø It is a data transmission mode in which the data can flow only in one direction. Ø The communication is unidirectional, meaning one-way communication between the sender and receiver. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 48 Ø In this mode, a sender can only send data but cannot receive it. Similarly, a receiver can only receive data but cannot send it. Ø It is mainly used in the business field as in sales/marketing that do not require any corresponding reply. Ø Example: Radio and TV transmission, keyboard, mouse, etc. Ø Advantages: o It utilizes the full capacity of the communication channel during data transmission. o It has the least or no data traffic issues as data flows only in one direction. Ø Disadvantages: o It is unidirectional in nature having no inter-communication between devices. o There is no mechanism for information to be transmitted back to the sender (no mechanism for acknowledgement). 2. Half-Duplex Ø It is a data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions, but one direction at a time. Ø It is also referred to as Semi-Duplex. Ø Each station can both transmit and receive the data at a time. Ø That means, when one device is sending the other can only receive and vice-versa. Ø The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction. Transmission lines can carry data in both directions, but the data can be sent only in one direction at a time. Ø This type of data transmission mode can be used in cases where there is no need for communication in both directions at the same time. It can be used for error detection when the sender does not send or the receiver does not receive the data properly. In such cases, the data needs to be transmitted again. Ø Example, Walkie-Talkie, Internet Browsers, etc. Ø Advantages: o It facilitates the optimum use of the communication channel. o It provides two-way communication. Ø Disadvantages: o The two-way communication cannot be established simultaneously at the same time. o Delay in transmission may occur, as only one-way communication can be possible at a time. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 49 3. Full Duplex Ø It is a data transmission mode in which the data can flow in both directions at the same time. Ø It is bi-directional in nature. Ø It is two-way communication in which both the stations can transmit and receive the data simultaneously. Ø Full-Duplex mode has double bandwidth as compared to the half-duplex. The capacity of the channel is divided between the two directions of communication. Ø This mode is used when communication in both directions is required simultaneously. Ø Example: Telephone Network, in which both the persons can talk and listen to each other simultaneously, Ø Advantages: o The two-way communication can be carried out simultaneously in both directions. o It is the fastest mode of communication between devices. Ø Disadvantages: o The capacity of the communication channel is divided into two parts. o It has improper channel bandwidth utilization, as there exist two separate paths for two communicating devices. Data Transmission Category Based on Synchronization Bet Transmitter and Receiver The data transmission modes can be characterized in the following two types based on the synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver: 1. Synchronous Ø It is a mode of communication in which the bits are sent one after another without any start/stop bits or gaps between them. Ø The same system clock paces both the sender and receiver. In this way, synchronization is achieved. Ø The bytes of data are transmitted as blocks in a continuous stream of bits. Since there is no start and stop bits in the message block. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits correctly. The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight bits unit. The receiver continuously receives the information at the same rate that the transmitter has sent it. It also listens to the messages even if no bits are transmitted. Ø The bits are sent successively with no separation between each character, so it becomes necessary to insert some synchronization elements with the message, this is called "Character-Level Synchronization". CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 50 Ø Example: If there are two bytes of data, say (10001101, 11001011) then it will be transmitted in the synchronous mode as follows: Ø Example: Communication in CPU, RAM, etc. Ø Advantages: o Transmission speed is fast as there is no gap between the data bits. Ø Disadvantages: o It is very expensive. 2. Asynchronous Ø It is a mode of communication in which a start and the stop bit is introduced in the message during transmission. Ø The start and stop bits ensure that the data is transmitted correctly from the sender to the receiver. Ø Generally, the start bit is '0' and the end bit is '1'. Ø Asynchronous here means 'asynchronous at the byte level', but the bits are still synchronized. The time duration between each character is the same and synchronized. Ø The data bits can be sent at any point in time. The messages are sent at irregular intervals and only one data byte can be sent at a time. This type of transmission mode is best suited for short-distance data transfer. Ø Example, if there are two bytes of data, say (10001101, 11001011) then it will be transmitted in the asynchronous mode as follows: Ø Example: Data input from a keyboard to the computer. Ø Advantages: o It is a cheap and effective mode of transmission. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 51 Data transmission accuracy is high due to the presence of start and stop o bits. Ø Disadvantages: o The data transmission can be slower due to the gaps present between different blocks of data. Data Transmission Category Based on Number of Bits Sent Simultaneously in the Network The data transmission modes can be characterized in the following two types based on the number of bits sent simultaneously in the network: 1. Serial Ø It is a mode in which the data bits are sent serially one after the other at a time over the transmission channel. Ø It needs a single transmission line for communication. Ø The data bits are received in synchronization with one another. So, there is a challenge of synchronizing the transmitter and receiver. Ø In serial data transmission, the system takes several clock cycles to transmit the data stream. Ø In this mode, the data integrity is maintained, as it transmits the data bits in a specific order, one after the other. Ø This type of transmission mode is best suited for long-distance data transfer, or the amount of data being sent is relatively small. Ø Example: Data transmission between two computers using serial ports. Ø Advantages: o It can be used for long-distance data transmission, as it is reliable. o The number of wires and complexity is less. o It is cost-effective. Ø Disadvantages: o The data transmission rate is slow due to a single transmission channel. 2. Parallel Ø It is a mode in which the data bits are sent side by side (parallel) at a time. In other words, there is a transmission of n-bits at the same time simultaneously. Ø Multiple transmission lines are used in such modes of transmission. So, multiple data bytes can be transmitted in a single system clock. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 52 Ø This mode of transmission is used when a large amount of data has to be sent in a shorter duration of time. Ø It is mostly used for short-distance communication. Ø For n-bits, we need n-transmission lines. So, the complexity of the network increases but the transmission speed is high. Ø If two or more transmission lines are too close to each other, then there may be a chance of interference in the data, degrading the signal quality. Ø Example: Data transmission between computer and parallel printer. Ø Advantages: o It is easy to program or implement. o Data transmission speed is high due to the n-transmission channel. Ø Disadvantages: o It requires more transmission channels, and hence cost-ineffective. o Interference in data bits, likewise in video conferencing. DATA TRANSMISSION STANDARDS These are guidelines, outline procedures, and equipment configurations that help ensure an orderly transfer of information between two or more data communication equipment of networks. These are generally outlined and accepted by the data communications industry. Data communication and/or transmission can succeed only if both parties (sender and receiver) follow an agreed set of rules. Classification of Standards 1. Proprietary Standards Ø Closed system standards generally manufactured or controlled by one company. 2. Open system Standards Ø Guidelines that can be used by any company to produce compatible equipment or software after a royalty have been paid to the original company. Data Communication Protocol Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data within the network or a portion of the network. It is sometimes referred as network protocol. Protocol Stack – the list of protocols used by a system, which normally includes one protocol per layer. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 53 Characteristics of Protocol 1. Connection-oriented Protocol Ø Requires a handshake prior to transmission. Ø Handshake – a connection procedure that ensures the integrity of the connection between stations in a network prior to the exchange of data between them. Ø It requires a logical connection to be established between the two processes before data is exchanged. Ø Generally, requires acknowledgement procedures. Ø The process is much like a telephone call, where a virtual circuit is established-- the caller must know the person's telephone number and the phone must be answered--before the message can be delivered. Ø Often provides an error control mechanism. Ø The connection must be maintained during the entire time that communication is taking place, then released afterwards. Ø Connection is dropped by a specific handshake when it is no longer needed. 2. Connectionless Protocol Ø Does not require a handshake prior to transmission. Ø It allows data to be exchanged without setting up a link between processes. Ø Does not support error control or acknowledgement procedures. Ø Some data packets might be lost in transmission or might arrive out of sequence to other data packets. Ø It is more efficient because the data being transmitted do not justify the extra overhead required by connection-oriented protocols. Ø Each unit of data, with all the necessary information to route it to the intended destination, is transferred independent of other data packets and can travel over different paths to reach the final destination. Layered Network Architecture Ø The goal of this architecture is to build the network into more manageable components. Ø The layering of network responsibilities allows each layer to add value to services provided by sets of lower layers. Ø It facilitates peer-to-peer network protocol; meaning different devices are allowed to communicate at different levels. Ø Most popular layered network architectures are OSI model and TCP/IP model. Ø These models were the major advances in the standardization of network concepts. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 54 OSI Model The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. There is really nothing to the OSI model. In fact, it's not even tangible. The OSI model doesn't perform any functions in the networking process. It is a conceptual framework so we can better understand complex interactions that are happening. Who Developed the OSI? The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. Layers 1-4 are considered the lower layers, and mostly concern themselves with moving data around. These layers implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. Layers 5-7, the upper layers, contain application-level data. These layers represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection management. Networks operate on one basic principle: "pass it on." Each layer takes care of a very specific job, and then passes the data onto the next layer. https://www.pinterest.ph https://upload.wikimedia.org CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 55 Did You Know...? Most of the functionality in the OSI model exists in all communications systems, although two or three OSI layers may be incorporated into one. OSI is also referred to as the OSI Reference Model or just the OSI Model. Application (Layer 7) OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application- specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. The application layer serves as the window for users and application processes to access network services. This layer contains a variety of commonly needed functions: Resource sharing and device redirection Remote file access Remote printer access Inter-process communication Network management Directory services Electronic messaging (such as mail) Network virtual terminals Layer 7 Application examples include WWW browsers, Network File System (NFS), Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Teletype Network (Telnet), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Presentation (Layer 6) This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. The presentation layer formats the data to be presented to the application layer. It can be viewed as the translator for the network. This layer may translate data from a format used by the application layer into a common format at the sending station, then translate the common format to a format known to the application layer at the receiving station. The presentation layer provides: Character code translation: for example, ASCII to EBCDIC. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 56 Data conversion: bit order, CR-CR/LF, integer-floating point, and so on. Data compression: reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the network. Data encryption: encrypt data for security purposes. For example, password encryption. Layer 6 Presentation examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI. Session (Layer 5) This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. The session layer allows session establishment between processes running on different stations. It provides: Session establishment, maintenance and termination: allows two application processes on different machines to establish, use and terminate a connection, called a session. Session support: performs the functions that allow these processes to communicate over the network, performing security, name recognition, logging, and so on. Layer 5 Session examples include NFS, NetBios names, Remote Protocol Call (RPC), SQL. Transport (Layer 4) OSI Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. The transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. It relieves the higher layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers. The size and complexity of a transport protocol depends on the type of service it can get from the network layer. For a reliable network layer with virtual circuit capability, a minimal transport layer is required. If the network layer is unreliable and/or only supports datagrams, the transport protocol should include extensive error detection and recovery. The transport layer provides: Message segmentation: accepts a message from the (session) layer above it, splits the message into smaller units (if not already small enough), and passes the smaller units CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 57 down to the network layer. The transport layer at the destination station reassembles the message. Message acknowledgment: provides reliable end-to-end message delivery with acknowledgments. Message traffic control: tells the transmitting station to "back-off" when no message buffers are available. Session multiplexing: multiplexes several message streams, or sessions onto one logical link and keeps track of which messages belong to which sessions (see session layer). Typically, the transport layer can accept relatively large messages, but there are strict message size limits imposed by the network (or lower) layer. Consequently, the transport layer must break up the messages into smaller units, or frames, prepending a header to each frame. The transport layer header information must then include control information, such as message start and message end flags, to enable the transport layer on the other end to recognize message boundaries. In addition, if the lower layers do not maintain sequence, the transport header must contain sequence information to enable the transport layer on the receiving end to get the pieces back together in the right order before handing the received message up to the layer above. Layer 4 Transport examples include Sequence Packet Exchnage (SPX), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP). End-to-end layers Unlike the lower "subnet" layers whose protocol is between immediately adjacent nodes, the transport layer and the layers above are true "source to destination" or end-to-end layers, and are not concerned with the details of the underlying communications facility. Transport layer software (and software above it) on the source station carries on a conversation with similar software on the destination station by using message headers and control messages. Network (Layer 3) Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data should take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. It provides: Routing: routes frames among networks. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 58 Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) can instruct a sending station to "throttle back" its frame transmission when the router's buffer fills up. Frame fragmentation: if it determines that a downstream router's maximum transmission unit (MTU) size is less than the frame size, a router can fragment a frame for transmission and re-assembly at the destination station. Logical-physical address mapping: translates logical addresses, or names, into physical addresses. Subnet usage accounting: has accounting functions to keep track of frames forwarded by subnet intermediate systems, to produce billing information. Layer 3 Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX). Communications Subnet The network layer software must build headers so that the network layer software residing in the subnet intermediate systems can recognize them and use them to route data to the destination address. This layer relieves the upper layers of the need to know anything about the data transmission and intermediate switching technologies used to connect systems. It establishes, maintains and terminates connections across the intervening communications facility (one or several intermediate systems in the communication subnet). In the network layer and the layers below, peer protocols exist between a node and its immediate neighbor, but the neighbor may be a node through which data is routed, not the destination station. The source and destination stations may be separated by many intermediate systems. Data Link (Layer 2) At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. The data link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer, allowing layers above it to assume virtually error-free transmission over the link. To do this, the data link layer provides: CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 59 Link establishment and termination: establishes and terminates the logical link between two nodes. Frame traffic control: tells the transmitting node to "back-off" when no frame buffers are available. Frame sequencing: transmits/receives frames sequentially. Frame acknowledgment: provides/expects frame acknowledgments. Detects and recovers from errors that occur in the physical layer by retransmitting non- acknowledged frames and handling duplicate frame receipt. Frame delimiting: creates and recognizes frame boundaries. Frame error checking: checks received frames for integrity. Media access management: determines when the node "has the right" to use the physical medium. Layer 2 Data Link examples include Point to Point Protocol (PPP), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Trasfer Mode (ATM), IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2, High Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame Relay. Physical (Layer 1) OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components. The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers. It provides: Data encoding: modifies the simple digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) used by the PC to better accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to aid in bit and frame synchronization. It determines: What signal state represents a binary 1 How the receiving station knows when a "bit-time" starts How the receiving station delimits a frame Physical medium attachment, accommodating various possibilities in the medium: Will an external transceiver (MAU) be used to connect to the medium? How many pins do the connectors have and what is each pin used for? Transmission technique: determines whether the encoded bits will be transmitted by baseband (digital) or broadband (analog) signaling. CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 60 Physical medium transmission: transmits bits as electrical or optical signals appropriate for the physical medium, and determines: What physical medium options can be used How many volts/db should be used to represent a given signal state, using a given physical medium Layer 1 Physical examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45. Mnemonic that will help to remember the layers of the OSI model. TCP/IP Model It is actually a suite of protocols sometimes referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite. https://microsoftgeek.com CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 61 Layer 4: Application Layer The application layer is concerned with providing network services to applications. There are many application network processes and protocols that work at this layer, including HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Layer 3: Transport Layer This layer is concerned with the transmission of the data. The two main protocols that operate at this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is regarded as being the reliable transmission protocol and it guarantees that the proper data transfer will take place. UDP is not as complex as TCP and as such is not designed to be reliable or guarantee data delivery. UDP is generally thought of as being a best effort data delivery, i.e. once the data is sent, UDP will not carry out any checks to see that it has safely arrived. Layer 2: Internet Layer This is the layer that contains the packet construct that will be transmitted. This takes the form of the Internet Protocol (IP), which describes a packet that contains a source IP Address, destination IP Address and the actual data to be delivered. Layer 1: Network Interface Layer This is the lowest level of the TCP/IP protocol stack and functions carried out here include encapsulation of IP packets into frames for transmission, mapping IP addresses to physical hardware addresses (MAC Addresses) and the use of protocols for the physical transmission of data. This layer is also known as Link Layer. Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP model: https://freeitnetworking.blogs CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 62 SYNTHESIS In summary, data transmission modes and standards are fundamental to establishing effective and reliable communication. Whether it is defining how data is structured (OSI, TCP/IP), or transmitted (modulation techniques), adherence to established standards ensures the seamless integration and interoperability of diverse communication systems. This highlights the importance of these modes and standards in shaping the interconnected world of information exchange. References Admin AfterAcademy. (2020, January 19). What are Data Transmission Modes in a network? [Online Article]. https://afteracademy.com/blog/what-are-the-data-transmission-modes-in-a- network Brain, M., Wilson, T.V., & Johnson B. (2001, April 13). Wireless Networks [Online Image]. https://cdn.hswstatic.com/gif/wireless-network-1a.jpg Bus Topology [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://player.slideplayer.com/22/6397062/data/images/img1.jpg Campus Area Network [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://computernetworkingsimplified.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/can.jpg?w=768 Cash Value Increasing [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://livlifeinsurance.com/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/cash-value-whole-life-increasing-1.png Cat5E STP Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://www.universallinkcable.com/photo/pl21673683- network_link_cat5e_stp_cable_rj45_ethernet_cable_male_65_feet_20_meters.jpg Cat5E UTP Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://www.unicon.ru/pictures/elek/rwtp.gif Client Server Model [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Client-server- model.svg/250px-Client-server-model.svg.png Coaxial Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://files.cablewholesale.com/mailimages/coaxcable.jpg CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 63 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP Model [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://freeitnetwoking.blogspot.com/2017/02/comparison-between-osi-and-tcpip- model.html Computer Fundamentals. (n.d.). Computer Networking [Online Image]. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/images/computer_networks.jpg Computer Networks. (2013, August 21). https://only4programmers.blogspot.com/2013/08/computer-networks.html Computer Network Basics. (2018, September 25). https://i-netsolutions.net Computer Networking Notes. (2019, March 19). Network Interface Cards [Online Image]. https://www.computernetworkingnotes.org/images/networking-tutorials/nt10-02-types-of-nic- cards.jpg De Luna, C. (2011, April 28). Ring Topology [Online Image]. https://cherlyndeluna.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ringtopology.jpg Dye, M.A., McDonald, R., & Rufi, A.W. (2008). Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide. http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9781587132087/samplepages/1587132087.pdf Dyre, R. (n.d.). Computer Networking Fundamental [PPT]. https://www.slideserve.com/reidar/computer-networking-fundamental Editorial Team Everything RF. (2019, January 12). BNC Connector [Online Image]. https://cdn.everythingrf.com/live/bnc-connectors-erf-com.png Fiber Optic Solutions Admin. (2015, August 13). Types of Fiber Optic Connector [Online Image]. http://www.fiber-optic-solutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/LC-SC-FC-ST- connector.jpg FrippeMax. (2011, June 3). Warriors of the Net HD [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBWhzz_Gn10 Gambrel et al (2011). Microsoft Networking Fundamentals (2nd Edition). https://www.sos.wa.gov/_assets/library/libraries/projects/ita/moac_mta_98- 366_2e_networking-fundamentals.pdf Gattoni, M. (2012, November 5). Hub [Online Image]. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/informaticainvestigacionmanuelgattoni-121105173400- phpapp02/95/informatica-investigacion-manuelgattoni-40-1024.jpg?cb=1352137003 CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 64 Global Area Network. (n.d.). https://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To- Guide/picture/Computer-and-Networks-Telecommunication-Network-Diagrams- Communication-medium-diagram.png Hendriks, A. (2014, April 8). Cat5 or Cat6 Network Cables [Online Image]. https://www.comparefactory.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Cat5-Or-Cat6-Network- Cables.jpg Internet [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://networkencyclopedia.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/08/computer-networking-1.jpg Intranet Extranet Model [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://infotech100.weebly.com/distinguish- between-intranet-extranet-and-internet.html (“Introducing Basic Network Concepts”, 2013). https://www.computer-pdf.com/network/85- tutorial-introducing-basic-network-concepts.html IT Support [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://gcti.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/business-it- support.jpg J Kenneth Lim. (2013, February 10). The OSI Model [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6Uoku-M6oY LAN Network Diagram [Online Image]. (2016, December 29). http://7428.net/wp- content/uploads/2013/06/LAN-Network-Diagram-4.jpg LAN Tester [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://jr-international.fr/32295-thickbox_default/lan-tester- for-rj45-rj12-rj11-rj10.jpg Matrox Veos Repeater Unit [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://www.matrox.com/graphics/media/image/products/extension/veos/Veos_repeater_1.j pg Mesh Topology [Online Image]. (2010, May 10). http://blogpcnet.blogspot.com/2010/05/mesh-topology.html Metropolitan Area Network [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://www.perle.com/images/man.jpg Microsoft Geek. (2011, November 22). TCP/IP Model [Online Image]. http://learn- networking.com/wp-content/oldimages/tcp-ip-encapsulation.jpg Multimode FIberoptic Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://www.belkin.com/images/product/F2F202LL/372.jpg CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 65 Network Bridges [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://jackleachipt.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/bridge1.jpg Network Devices [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://ipcisco.com/wp-content/uploads/network- devices.jpg Network Switch [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://5.imimg.com/data5/MH/DF/IQ/SELLER- 94676491/internet-switches-500x500.jpg Ophtek, LLC. (2018, June 14). Data Storage [Online Image]. https://www.ophtek.com/wp- content/uploads/2018/04/data-storage.jpg OSI Model [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b0/04/33/b0043346497d8c3b455756bbc12e4fed.gif Ozyurt, F. (2016, May 18). People Network Connections [Online Image]. https://www.alamy.com/people-network-connections-3d-illustration-isolated-on-white- background-image236202149.html Pahlavan, K., & Krishnamurthy, P. (2009). Networking Fundamentals Wide, Local and Personal Area Communications. http://pws.npru.ac.th/sartthong/data/files/Networking_Fundamentals__Wide__Local_and_Pers onal_Area_Communications.pdf Palmer, M. (2012). Hands On Network Fundamentals. https://freebooksinfo.net/docs/Hands- On-Network-Fundamentals Piggy Bank Free Icon. (n.d.). Piggy Bank [Online Image]. https://image.flaticon.com/icons/png/512/20/20687.png Resource Sharing and Modern Library. (2016, August 12). Resource Sharing [Online Image]. http://www.lisbdnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Resource-Sharing-in-Library- 300x263.png RJ45 Connector [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://xeonlink.com/xeonlink/wp- content/uploads/2020/01/RJ45-Connector-Price-in-Dhaka-Bangladesh.jpg Router [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://i.linio.com/p/9afde0a8f955d1fe9afa96aaa9216f49- zoom.jpg SalmanAhamad. (2019, October 13). Personal Area Network [Online Image]. https://sabkaidea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/hqdefault.jpg CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 66 Single Mode Fiberoptic Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://www.belkin.com/images/product/F2F80200/372.jpg Star-Bus Topology [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://everythingaboutcomputernetworks.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/2/0/38205637/61914.jpg ?438 Star Topology [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://computernetworkingtopics.weebly.com/about- me.html STP Cable. (n.d.). https://networkencyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/shielded- twisted-pair-cable-stp.jpg STP Connector [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://www.amazon.in/CAT6A-RJ45-Shielded-Modular- Plug/dp/B0069A69ZK Thicknet Thinnet Coaxial Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.) https://www.omnisecu.com/images/basic-networking/thicknet-thinnet-coaxial-cables.jpg Tim Fisher. (2020, June 16). Router [Online Image]. https://www.lifewire.com/thmb/a3IBT4M2V- i79UL2zuS-5-0spQo=/1002x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tp-link-router- 5b2c1608a474be003670ae0f.jpg Types of Network [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/977515732151566338/1240/10/scaletowidth Untwist UTP Wires [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://image1.slideserve.com/2227548/demonstrate- straight-through-utp-cable5-n.jpg UTP Cables [Online Image]. (2016, May). https://5.imimg.com/data5/XH/GP/GLADMIN-29452064/computer-networking-utp-cables- 500x500.png UTP Cable [Online Image]. (n.d.). https://media.cablematic.com/__sized__/images_1000/rj01100-01-thumbnail-1080x1080-70.jpg Vishnuvardhan, B. (2016, April 14). Instant Messenger [Online Image]. https://i1.wp.com/gentleninja.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/instant- messenger.png?ssl=1 Weaver, K.T., SkyVisionSolutions (2015, July 10). Security at Risk [Online Image]. https://skyvisionsolutions.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/grid-security-at-risk.jpg CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT  DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY Bacolor, Pampanga COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE Department of Computer Engineering 67 Weitzman, J. (2017, March 2). Cost Down Efficiency Up [Online Image]. https://byq8033xopb14cll93tfzww1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/03/costs-down-efficiency-up-e1495055347536.png What is shielded twisted pair? [Online Image]. (n.d.) https://networkencyclopedia.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/09/shielded-twisted-pair-cable-stp.jpg Wibisono, A. (2014, April 13). Star-Ring Topology [Online Image]. https://ariewibisono.wordpress.com/2014/04/13/computer-network-topologies/ Wide Area Network [Online Image]. (n.d.). http://commpath.com/wp- content/uploads/2018/08/wide-area-network-500x500.jpg Thakur, D. (n.d.). What is transmission media? [Online Article]. https://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/communication-networks/what-is- transmission-media-and-types-of-transmission-media Geeksforgeeks.org. (2021, August 31). Types of Transmission Tehcnology [Online Article]. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-transmission-technology/ Des Binwag, J. (2015, February 20). Data Communication Architecture, Protocols, and Standards [Online Article]. https://www.slideshare.net/desbinwag/datacom-module-2 CPE-DDC313: DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARED BY: JUVY C. GRUME, PCPE, MIT