Musculoskeletal System Lecture 1 PDF

Lecture1:Musculoskeletal System Presented by Dr.Mina Learning Objectives Examine the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems Determine the main functions of both systems Recognize common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to these systems In...

Lecture1:Musculoskeletal System Presented by Dr.Mina Learning Objectives Examine the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems Determine the main functions of both systems Recognize common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to these systems Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System Components: Bones, muscles, joints, tendons, cartilage Purpose: Support body, facilitate movement, protect organs, produce red blood cells Musculo-skeletal systems are often combined for overview despite their differences  Components of the Musculoskeletal System The skeleton is divided into two major components: Axial Skeleton: Includes bones of the head, neck, chest, and back Protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs Serves as attachment for muscles that move the head, neck, back, and limbs Total Bones: 80 Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs Includes bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton Total Bones: 126 Vertebrae 33 stacked bones forming the spinal canal. Protect the spinal cord and nerves. Segments of the Spine: Cervical Spine (Neck): 7 vertebrae (C1-C7). Allows head movement (nod, turn, tilt). Thoracic Spine (Middle Back): 12 vertebrae (T1-T12). Ribs attach here. Lumbar Spine (Lower Back): 5 vertebrae (L1-L5). Supports weight and stress from lifting. Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5). Connects to hips, forming the pelvic girdle. Coccyx (Tailbone): 4 fused vertebrae. Attachment for pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. Bone Structure Bone is made up of osseous tissue Contains mature bone cells called osteocytes Bones vary in shape and size: Flat bones (e.g., cranium, ribs) Short bones (e.g., wrists, ankles) Long bones (e.g., arms, legs, hands, feet)  Long Bone Structure Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone Greek word "diaphysis" means "growing between" Epiphysis: Each end of a long bone Greek words "epi-" (upon) and "-physis" (growth) Medullary Cavity: Inside of the diaphysis Hollow cavity that contains bone marrow The Latin word medius (middle) is the basis for medulla (marrow) Parts of a Long Bone: Diaphysis: Shaft of the bone, made of compact bone, surrounding the medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow in adults). Epiphyses: Distal and Proximal Epiphysis: Bulbous ends of the bone, providing space for muscle and ligament attachment. Covered with articular cartilage for smooth joint movement, reducing friction and absorbing shock. Made of spongy bone filled with red bone marrow (immature and mature blood cells). Periosteum: Dense fibrous membrane covering the bone surface. Contains blood vessels, nerves, and osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), aiding in bone repair and nutrition. Provides attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons. Other Components Muscle: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types Joints: Articulations between bones or bone and cartilage Tendons: Connect muscle to bone Cartilage: Found at bone ends, nose, etc. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone  Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control, striated fibers Moves bones, eyes, and tongue Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart, striated like skeletal muscle Rhythmic involuntary contractions Smooth Muscle: Involuntary control, non-striated Found in organs, arteries, and ducts Body Movements Produced by Muscle Action Body Movements Produced by Muscle Action Body Movements Produced by Muscle Action Body Movements Produced by Muscle Action Common Pathologies Muscular Dystrophy: Progressive muscle weakening, affects males Osteoarthritis: Cartilage/bone breakdown, pain, stiffness Osteomyelitis: Bone infection caused by bacteria Osteoporosis: Progressive bone loss, increased fracture risk (common in women) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Autoimmune joint inflammation (hands, wrists, knees)  Common Pathologies Ankylosing Scoliosis: Lateral curvature and twist, common in girls Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Numbness, pain in wrist/hand (often from repetitive movements) Arthritis: Joint inflammation, pain, and swelling; no cure Gout: Uric acid build-up, often affects toes Kyphosis: Forward curvature of thoracic spine Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of lumbar spine  Types of Paralysis Paralysis is the inability—temporary or permanent—to move a part of the body. In almost all cases, paralysis is due to nerve damage, not to an injury to the affected region. Types: Paraplegia: Paralysis of lower body/legs Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four limbs Hemiplegia: Total paralysis of one side of the body Hemiparesis: Slight paralysis of one side of the body Myoparesis: Partial paralysis or muscle weakness  Hemiparesis: partial paralysis of one side Myoparesis: Partial paralysis or muscle weakness region of the back