Musculoskeletal System Overview Quiz

Musculoskeletal System Overview

• The musculoskeletal system comprises bones, muscles, joints, tendons, and cartilage.
• Its purpose includes supporting the body, facilitating movement, protecting organs, and producing red blood cells.
• The system is often studied together despite its individual components.

Learning Objectives

• Students will examine the anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems.
• They will identify the functions of each system.
• Students will be able to recognize common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to these systems.

Skeletal System Components

• Axial Skeleton: Comprises bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as a point of attachment for muscles controlling these areas. (80 bones)
• Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones connecting these limbs to the axial skeleton. (126 bones)
• Bones types: include flat bones (e.g., cranium, ribs), short bones (e.g., wrists, ankles) and long bones (e.g., arms, legs, hands).

Skeletal System Structure (Examples)

• Skull: Contains the skull bones and auditory bones
• Vertebral Column: Composed of vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx (providing support and protection of spinal cord)
• Rib Cage: Consists of ribs and sternum
• Appendicular Skeleton components: Shoulder girdle (clavicle , scapula), arm bones (humerus , ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), hip bone (pelvic girdle) , leg bones (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

Vertebrae Segments

• Cervical Spine (Neck): Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) allowing head movement
• Thoracic Spine (Middle Back): Twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) where ribs attach
• Lumbar Spine (Lower Back): Five vertebrae (L1-L5) supporting weight and stress
• Sacrum: Five fused vertebrae (S1-S5) connecting to the hips
• Coccyx (Tailbone): Four fused vertebrae, attaching to the pelvic floor

Long Bone Structure

• Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone, made of compact bone, surrounding the medullary cavity(containing yellow marrow in adults).
• Epiphysis: The ends of the long bone made of spongy bone, covered with articular cartilage. ( contains red bone marrow)

Other Components/ Tissues

• Muscles: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone
• Cartilage: Found at bone ends (e.g., nose)
• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control, striated fibers, moves bones.
• Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart, rhythmically involuntary contractions, striated.
• Smooth Muscle: Involuntary control, non-striated, found in organs.

Body Movements

• Adduction: Movement toward the midline
• Abduction: Movement away from the midline
• Flexion: Decreasing the angle of a joint
• Extension: Increasing the angle of a joint
• Rotation: Movement around an axis
• Pronation: Turning the palm down
• Supination: Turning the palm up
• Inversion: Turning the sole inward
• Eversion: Turning the sole outward
• Dorsiflexion: Elevating the foot
• Plantar Flexion: Lowering the foot

Common Pathologies

• Muscular Dystrophy: Progressive muscle weakening
• Osteoarthritis: Cartilage/bone breakdown
• Osteomyelitis: Bone infection
• Osteoporosis: Progressive bone loss
• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Autoimmune joint inflammation
• Ankylosing Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Numbness/pain in wrist/hand
• Gout: Uric acid buildup
• Kyphosis: Abnormal forward curvature of thoracic spine
• Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of lumbar spine

Types of Paralysis

• Paraplegia: Paralysis of the lower body
• Quadriplegia: Paralysis of all four limbs
• Hemiplegia: Paralysis of one side of the body
• Hemiparesis: Partial paralysis of one side of the body
• Myoparesis: Partial paralysis or muscle weakness

Combining Forms (Medical Terminology)

• A table providing combining forms and corresponding terms, relevant medical contexts.