Pharmacognosy II PG303 Week 3 PDF

Pharmacognosy II PG303  Week 3 1) Medicinally important seeds Colchicum-Strophanthus 2) Seed containing volatile oils Nutmeg-Cardamom Take Home Message Field of Name of The A.C. & Uses Application seed Col...

Pharmacognosy II PG303  Week 3 1) Medicinally important seeds Colchicum-Strophanthus 2) Seed containing volatile oils Nutmeg-Cardamom Take Home Message Field of Name of The A.C. & Uses Application seed Colchicum Alkaloids (Cholchicine) : Anti-gout Medicinal Cardiac glycosides (Strophanthin): Strophanthus acute heart failure Food Volatile oil: Flavor + Chronic Nutmeg Flavor & Rheumatism Medicine Cardamom Volatile oil : Flavor  Medicinal seeds Name Colchicum seed Strophanthus seed ‫بذر اللحالح‬ ‫بذور األستروفانس‬ Origin Dried ripe seeds of *Semen Strophanthi Colchicum autumnale The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombé oliver, of Linne Family Liliaceae. S. Hispidus DC. or of S. gratus (Monocot) Franchet Family Apocynaceae deprived of their awns. Outgrowth Strophiole: enlargement Awn: plume of hairs born covers the raphe and on a stalk. It aids in seed partly covreing the hilum dispersal  Awn: plume of hairs born on a stalk. It aids in seed dispersal Strophiole: is an outgrowth which surrounds raphe, hilum or micropyle. Other shape of strophiole in other seeds  Colchicum Strophanthus A.C. All parts of the plant contain Strophanthus kombé and S. the alkaloid colchicine (corms hispidus contain about 8 -10 and aerial parts are toxic to % a mixture of cardiac animals) glycosides known as strophanthin or K – strophanthin, K – The seeds contain from 0.2 to strophanthoside also known 0.8 % of colchicine (present as strophoside. in the testa) (official part is the richest organ). S. gratus contains G- strophanthin (Ouabin) (rapidly acting and rapidly eliminated. Therefore, it has been used for emergency treatment in case of acute heart failure). (c.f., digitalis)  Colchicum Strophanthus Uses 1. Plant hormone (induce polyploidy) Cardiotonic similar to digitalis. (>2n, 4n, 6n, 8n, …etc.) (multiplication Ouabin used in acute cases of of chromosomes). heart failure. Revert reduced blood pressure and have diuretic effect. 2.Relief of pain and inflammation and It is not cumulative and less liable shorten duration of acute gout than digitalis to produce gastric intestinal irritation, therefore, in (Antigout) ‫النقرس‬ certain cases is preferable and may be a substitute for digitalis. 3. Treatment of pericarditis and familial Mediterranean fever (anti- inflammatory). 4. It has a potent cytotoxic effect and anticancer effect, but it is highly toxic. - It inhibits mitosis → inhibit division of cancer cells. - Therefore, synthetic structure analogues of colchicine are tested. (have the same mechanism of action but with less toxicity → more selective to cancer cells) Colchicine Uses and activities 1. Colchicine is a plant hormone, it induces polyploidy (multiplication of chromosomes). 2. Polyploidy plants are fast growing, larger and harder than normal plants Gout: Disease of kings Red meat, alcohol, some kinds of fish and caffeine-rich beverages are rich sources of purines. Uric acid is the metabolite of purines. Results from deposition of uric acid crystals in joints of toes, knees, or fingers.  Products used as antigout Contraindications: Pregnancy (Not enough info.) Severe Liver diesease (Chronic use → inc. Liver enzymes) Severe Kidney dysfuction (Renally cleared) GIT upset (causes nausea, vomiting and belly pain)  Highlights and Summary Botanical characters: Strophiole Monocot Colchicine Uses: 1. Plant hormone (polyploidy) 2. Antiinflammatory in cases of Gout, Pericarditis, familial Mediterrnean fever 3. Anticancer (but highly toxic) Mitotic inhibitor  Highlights and Summary Awn Not cumulative and less liable than digitalis to produce gastric intestinal irritation, therefore, in certain cases is preferable and may be substituted for digitalis. (Acute heart failure)  Seeds containing volatile oils Name Nutmeg ‫بذور جوز الطيب‬ Cardamom ‫ الهيل‬-‫ حب الهال‬- ‫حبهان‬ Origin The dried ripe seeds of Myristica The dried ripe or nearly ripe seeds of fragrans Houtt. Family Myristicaceae, Elettaria cardamomum Maton var. deprived of its arillus and testa and miniscula Burkill, Family Zingiberaceae, with or without a thin coat of lime. recently separated from the fruit. (Kernel) (Monocot) Morph Arillus or arillode: is used to prepare It rapidly loses its aroma when ological Mace (spice as nutmeg) (but with less separated from fruit. charact A.C.) Shipped and sold in its fruit ers Testa is hard and woody and devoid of Seed covered by transparent arillus active constituent (discarded) Lime protect against fungi and insect (rich in fats and starch) Seed coat arillus  Nutmeg kernel Cardamom Type of Albuminous (perisperm and Albuminous (starchy perisperm, and embryo endosperm), Anatropous ovule an endosperm), Anatropous ovule Oil Oil cells arranged in a layer in seed secreted Oil cells in the enfoldings of perisperm coat from Epidermis: Prosenchyma (slightly thick walled and elongated cells with tapering ends (fiber-like end walls)) Endosperm: Tannin idioblast, Starch, alerone grain (crystalloid) and fat globules In 50% chloral hydrate  Nutmeg Cardamom A.C. -Volatile oil (5 to 15 %) which -Volatile oil yield 2.8-6.2% contains myristicin and elemicin (average 4.0%). The oil which are related structurally and contains a high proportion of possess the same stimulant effect terpinyl acetate and cineole as amphetamine and smaller quantities of other - They are converted to monoterpenes. amphetamine analogues by transamination in liver. Amphetamine analogues  Nutmeg Cardamom Use -External uses: Nutmeg butter No external uses. (topically in cases of chronic rheumatism) (counter irritant) -Nutmeg butter: obtained by grinding the seed left after expression of oil. It consists of fixed oil and traces of volatile oil. Internally: A) Condiment and spice, Internally: Main Uses: Spice, Flavor, 1) antispasmodic (colic, cramp). food additive 2) carminative (flatulence). Digestive: 3) stomachic (stimulate appetite, 1) antispasmodic (colic, cramp). anorexia), dyspepsia 2) carminative (flatulence). B) Antioxidant and antihepatotoxic. 3) stomachic (stimulate appetite, C) Flavoring agent. anorexia), dyspepsia.  Nutmeg Cardamom S.E. - In large doses: hallucinogenic Avoid in gall stones (can and/or Toxicity and may cause habituation in trigger gallstone and CI adults. spasmodic pain). - May cause also convulsions - Toxicity appears by ingestion of 1-3 whole kernels. - Death occured in 8-years old boy after consumption of 2 nutmeg kernels. Arabic coffee ingredients ‫ شاي كرك هندي‬Masala chai  Mace ‫البسباسة‬ Origin: Arillode or arillus of the seed of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Family Myristicaceae. - Developed in the region of the hilum before the flower opens and fertilization is affected. - collected from seeds by hand and dried in sun where its color changes from brilliant red to yellowish or orange brown. Histology: Several layers of parenchyma cells suurounded by upper and lower epidermis. It contains amylodextrin (starch) (stain red-brown with iodine) 4-15% volatile oil similar in composition to Nutmeg. Uses: Condiment, aromatic and carminative.  Highlights and Summary Nutmeg Cardamom (Monocot) Kernel, shipped without its seed Shipped in its fruit coat nor arillode (Mace) Seed has arillus Oil is secreted by oil cells Oil is secreted by oil cells present in the perisperm arranged in a distinct layer in enfoldings TESTA Elemicin & myristicin ……… amphetamine like Terpinyl acetate & linalool (halluccinogenic) Externally: Chronic Rheumatism Internally: Antispasmodic, carminative, digestive. Non-official seeds Safe and effective but not yet listed in Pharmacopiea Fixed oil containing seeds: Nigella seeds Evening Primrose seeds Pumpkin seeds Castor seeds Alkaloids containing seeds : Coffee beans Saponins containing seeds: Horse chestnut seeds  Nigella Seeds ‫بذور حبة البركة‬ Names: Black seed, black cumin, black caraway. Origin: Dried ripe seeds of Nigella sativa L. Family Ranunculaceae. Geographical source : in countries boarding the Mediterranean Sea; Egypt and western Asia.  Active constituents: Minerals & Volatile oil Fixed oil vitamins 1.4% Main constituent: Main constituent: Zn, Fe, Ca, Cu Thymoquinone & Linoleic acid, ω-6 (58%) B1, B2, B6, its dimer Oleic acid, ω-9(23%) niacin Linolenic acid, ω-3 (3%) + saturated fatty acids Protein Contain essential amino acids Saponins  Action A.C. + mechanism of action Bronchial asthma Thymoquinone and dihydrothymoquinone, decrease release of histamine by inhibiting protein kinase C and stabilizing mast cell Boosting the Tymoquinone contnent + minerals and vitamins content immune system boost the general body health and immund system. Expressed oil has direct effect on natural killer cells and phagocytes  Action A.C. + mechanism of action Prophylaxis Richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA (more than against 80%) reduce the bad cholesterol and hence prevent the first atherosclerosis and step in clot formation or atherosclerosis thrombosis Nutritive Richness in minerals, vitamins, protein containing essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids Upper respiratory ailments: Cold, flu, bonchitis, asthma, fever, emphysema Carminative, digestive, stomachic, emenagogue, diuretic Counteracts toxic effects of anticancer drugs (e.g. Protect bone marrow against chemotherapy ❖ Expressed oil is the commonly used form. It is obtained by compression, so it will be a mixture of fixed and volatile oils + fats, proteins, minerals soluble in these oils. ❖ It is easier and cheaper in terms of preparation. ❖ Soft gelatin capsules are used to preserve oils against oxidation. ❖ In large doses, it causes abortion (c.f. foenugreek)  Volatile Oil Thymoquinone Immunity and cancer Nutritive PUFA in fixed oil Minerals Vitamins Nigella seeds Protein Fixed Oil PUFA Atherosclerosis  Semen Pumpkin Semen Cucurbitae ‫بذر القرع‬ Names: Semen peponis, Graine de pepon. Origin: Dried ripe seeds of Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, Family Cucurbitaceae Geographical source: Native to America Active constituents: 1) Fixed oil Tocopherol Linoleic acid (64%) (Vitamine E) Responsible for the Responsible for the antioxidant activity reduction of blood Help in increasing sperm count Cholesterol and TGs Phytosterol Responsible for the antiandrogenic activity 2) Trace elements Se, Zn, Mn, Cu 3) Pectin 30% 4) Protein 30%  ❖ 1. Treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and male bladness Phytosterols are structurally similar to testosterone, they inhibit the enzyme 5-reductase from converting testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone. (dihydrotestosterone is reponsible for male baldness and it progresses the enlargement of prostate) ❖ 2. Treatment of male infertility: Zn and vit. E increase sperm count and improve quantity and quality of prostate secretions. ❖ 3. Treatment of atherosclerosis: as before through the action of PUFA and the antioxidant.  Evening Primrose ‫بذر حشيشة الحمار‬ Origin: Dried ripe seeds of Oenothera species viz; O.biennis, O.acerviphilla nova, O.paradoxa and O.rubricaulis family Onagraceae.  Active constituents: Fixed oil (14%) : evening primrose oil EPO. This oil is the best natural source of gamma- linolenic acid (GLA). It yields an oil containing 7-9% of GLA (essential fatty acid) up to about 16% GLA. The EPO contains cis-linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Uses: 1) Internally: Coronary heart disease: 1. High % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) will reduce bad cholesterol and triglycerides, hence decrease possibility of atherosclerosis, clots and B.P. 2. PUFA are used in building of prostaglandins which decrease platelet aggregation, and dilates blood vessels. 3. Hypertesnion is associated with low levels of linoleic acid LA, alpha linolenic acid ALA, GLA 2) Topically: Atopic eczema, psoriasis, Rhematoid arthritis 3) Diabetic neuropathy: by improving blood circulation around nerves 4) Premenstrual syndrome and clinical mastalgia  Coffee Beans ‫بذور البن‬ Origin: Dried ripe seeds of Coffea arbica or other Coffea species family Rubiaceae deprived of its seed coat. It is not a true bean Geographical source: widely cultivated in various parts of the world, e.g. Brazil and other South American countries and Kenya Preparation and Roasting Seeds are deprived from their seed coat, then roasted where different changes occur: Physically: seeds color changes from green to brown, seeds swell and develop a cracked surface. Chemically: 1. flavor and odour develop, due to liberation of oil Caffeol (50% furfural, valerianic acid). 2. Caffeine freed from chlorogenic acid or caffeotannic acid. 3. Sublimed caffeine is collected and used. (degree of roasting affects the color, aroma and shelf life of beans). Active constituents: Alkaloids caffeine 0.42% (responsible for CNS stimulant activity), traces of theophylline and theobromine. Chlorogenic acid or caffeotannic acid, after roasting some decomposition of chlorogenic acid to quinic acid and caffeic acid. (Antioxidant activities) Trigonelline (present in green seeds) during roasting process; it is converted into nicotinic acid (Vitamin B). Volatile oil Tannins (antioxidant activity)  Caffeine Phenolic acids and tannins Nature Alkaloid Type of polyphenol Activity - CNS stimulant. - Powerful antioxidant, therefore, it is claimed to - Mild diuretic have several beneficial effects: antiaging, lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and to reduce risk of cancer. Side - In over-dose (increase Chelate iron and reduce its absorption. effects heart rate, anxiety and restlessness). -Increases secretion of gastric acid. (caution, in patients with peptic ulcer - Caffeine is metabolized to uric acid (yields gout) Decaffeinated coffee, containing up to 0.08% caffeine, is obtained by removing caffeine, usually by aqueous percolation prior to roasting. This process provides another source of caffeine. It is used for people suffering from gastric ulcer or gout. Uses: -Hot beverages (stimulant drink) due to its content of caffeine. This alkaloid is CNS stimulant and has a weak diuretic and analgesic actions. -A source for commercial production of caffeine and other related alkaloids. Murexide test: Alkaloid (caffeine)➔evaporation➔solid KClO3 or H2O2➔evaporation➔crimson red colour➔Ammonia vapours➔ violet colour NH3 Vapors