Medicinal Plants Revision (Mansoura National University) PDF

Medicinal plants Revision Dr. Yhiya Amen & Dr. Amal F. Soliman Associate Professors of Pharmacognosy  ‫أجزاء المنهج‬ ❑ Anatomy (Lectures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6) ❑ Dusting powders (Lecture 7) ❑ Taxonomy (Lecture 8) ❑ Physiology (Lecture 9) ❑ Introduction to Pharmacognosy...

Medicinal plants Revision Dr. Yhiya Amen & Dr. Amal F. Soliman Associate Professors of Pharmacognosy  ‫أجزاء المنهج‬ ❑ Anatomy (Lectures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6) ❑ Dusting powders (Lecture 7) ❑ Taxonomy (Lecture 8) ❑ Physiology (Lecture 9) ❑ Introduction to Pharmacognosy (Lectures 10, 11) Lecture 1 Plant Anatomy Lecture 1-5 Plant cell has three regions 1- The cell wall (Non-living) 2- The protoplast (Living) 3- The vacuoles (Non-living) Cell #1 Cell #2 Cell wall middle lamella plasma primary cell wall membrane (cellulosic) secondary cell wall (lignified) pit primary pit field (pits of two adjacent (collection of several cells = pit-pair) plasmodesmata) plasmodesmata The 3 layers Cell #1 Cell #2 and their composition  ❑ There are three types of pits: 1- Simple 2- Bordered 3- Half-bordered Plasmodesmata ??????? Cell membrane Smooth ER makes proteins USED in the Cell and synthesis of lipids and phospholipids - Rough ER makes proteins to EXPORT. 1- The cytoplasmic strands in the cell wall that connects adjacent plant cells is …….. a. Pits b. Middle lamella c. Plasmodesmata d. lignin 2- The organelle responsible for package and secretion of protein is ……………….. a. Lysosomes b. Mitochondria c. Nucleus d. Golgi apparatus 3- The semifluid like cytoplasm present in the chloroplasts is called ……………. a. Grana b. Thylakoid c. Stroma d. Granum 4- The part of cell wall which is incapable of extension and formed after full growth of the plant cell is ………………….. a. Primary wall b. Secondary wall c. Middle lamella d. Pits 5-Non living part of plant cell surrounded by lipoprotein membrane and filled with cell sap is ……………………………… a. Vacuole b. Mitochondria c. Nucleus d. Golgi apparatus  Food reserve substances Lecture 2 Starch By product (waste) products of metabolism Protein Millon’s Iodine Picric acid Fats Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Iodine blue o Wax, suberin and cutin are fatty in nature. They act as a protective substance in and on the cell wall. Crystals Elongation Thickening cambium cambium cambium  The dermal or protective tissue Trichomes Stomata Epidermal cells Guard cells ✓ Kidney-shaped in dicots ✓ Dumbbell-shaped in monocots Cannabis trichome  Lignified elements The ground tissue Phloroglucinol/HCl Sclereids Aerenchyma Fibers chlorenchyma Non-living 1- A modified type of parenchyma cells with an abundance of chloroplasts is …….. a. Aerenchyma b. Collenchyma c. Chlorenchyma d. Sclerenchyma 2- The name of the trichome in the opposite figure is ……………….. a. Candelabra b. Stellate c. Capitate d. Shaggy 3- The function of collenchyma tissues is……………………………………… a. Storage b. protection c. Conduction d. Supporting 4- The type of stomata in which the long axes of the two subsidiary cells are perpendicular to the osteole is ………………….. a. Paraytic b. Diacytic c. Anomocytic d. Anisocytic 5-The type of meristem present at the internodes of monocot plants is ……………………………… a. Intercalary b. vascular cambium c. interfascicular cambium d. cork  Food conduction Lecture 3 Phloem vascular or conducting tissue Water conduction Xylem Non-perforated Perforated end wall Types of xylem vessels Types of V.B.  The secretory tissue Glands (Digestive glands, Schizogenous, lysogenous) Nectaris Hydathodes (excess water stomata) Ducts (Latex (Opium) Laticiferous duct) 1- A vascular bundle with phloem on two sides of the xylem on the same radius …….. a. Radial b. collateral c. bicollateral d. concentric 2- The conducting xylem element consists of single elongated cell and has non-perforated end walls……………….. a. Tracheids b. Vessels c. Capitate d. Shaggy 3- A permanently open stomata at the leaf margin through which excess water excreted. is……………………………………… a. Nectaris b. Ducts c. Stomata d. Hydathode 4- The type of xylem vessel in the opposite figure is ………………….. a. Annular b. Spiral c. Scalariform d. Reticulate 5-The shape of closed collateral vascular bundles is ……………………………… a. Dumbbell b. Kidney c. Skull d. Isodiametric Lecture 4 & 5 (Organs) Leaf Root Piliferous layer Stem Casparian strips  1- Supporting tissue in Dicot. Stems is: a. Sclerenchyma b. Aerenchyma c. Parenchyma d. Collenchyma 2- Dicot. Roots differ from Monocot. Roots by having: a. Wide pith b. Numerous V.B. c. Collateral V.B. d. V.B. from 2-8 3- The opposite TS is for ……………….. a. Monocot stem b. Dicot stem c. Monocot root d. Dicot root 4- The type of vascular bundles in the previous TS is……………………………………… a. Closed collateral b. Open collateral c. Radial d. Concentric 5- The name of the protective outer layer in root is ………………….. layer a. pericycle b. lenticles c. endodermis d. piliferous Lecture 6 (Secondary growth) Steps of secondary growth in stem interfascicular cambium-complete ring- secondary xylem and secondary phloem- medullary rays- Periderm [phellogen (cork cambium), the phellem (cork) and the phelloderm (secondary cortex)]. Annual rings- Lenticles- differences between sap and heart woods- Tyloses. * Lenticels are structures formed to replace the function of: a- Cork b- Stomata c- Epidermis d- Hairs * Annual rings can be counted in old stems due to formation of: a- Lenticels b- Spring and summer wood c- Periderm d- Secondary cortex * Phellogen is : a- cork b- cork cambium c- secondary cortex d- none of the previous * All the following are from characters of heart wood except…..……….. a- Dead tissue b- conduct water c- darker in color d- inner older wood Lecture 7 (Dusting powders) Starch Lycopodium Kamala Kieselguhr Talc Kaolin Precipitated Chalk Sulphur siliceous walls of fossil diatoms purified hydrated magnesium silicate Match (Letters from A-H can be used more than one time). 1. A standard reference in quantitative microscopy. A. Starch 2. Heavy type is widely applied in manufacture of dentifrice. B. Lycopodium 3. Mild antiseptic and parasiticide and widely employed for acne vulgaris. C. Kamala D. Kieselguhr 4. A medicinal agent for diarrhea due to bacterial toxins. E. Talc 5. A purified hydrated magnesium silicate. F. Kaolin G. Chalk 6. It occurs as a dull reddish-brown powder without odor or taste. H. Sulphur 7. Water-insoluble glucose polymer, reacts positively with Iodine solution. 8. Treatment of tapeworm infestation. 9. It acts as antacid, alone or mixed with other soothing components. 10. It is almost pure aluminum silicate. 11. It is used in the manufacture of pottery and ceramics. 12. A lubricant for massaging and some sports. Lecture 8 (Taxonomy) Binomial system (Genus-species) Pteridophytes (Spores) Ferns Clubmosses Example of Gymnosperms Pine tree Poaceae Example on Monocots  Example on Dicots 1) Family Umbelliferae "Apiaceae“ (Anise and Fennel) 2) Family Solanaceae (Belladonna and Datura) 3) Family Compositae "Asteraceae" (Chamomile and santonica) 4) Leguminosae "Fabaceae“ (Liquorice and Fenugreek) 5) Family Labiatae "Lamiaceae“ (Mentha and thymus) General characters of each family ?? 1- Gymnosperms are carrying flower like structure called……………… a. Calyx b. Cones c. Cystolith d. Hydathodes 2- Colchicum and squill belong to family………………………… a. Graminae b. Solanaceae c. Zingiberaceae d. Liliaceae 3- The type of plants characteristic by tap root system are………….. a. Monocot b. Dicot c. Gymnosperms d. none of the previous 4- Which of the followings is monocot family? a. Lamiaceae b. Solanaceae c. Umbelliferae d. Zingiberaceae 5- The family which is characteristic by the presence of paracytic stomata is ……… a. Graminae b. Leguminosae c. Zingiberaceae d. Liliaceae 6- The family which is characteristic by capitulum inflorescence is ……. a. Lamiaceae b. Compositae c. Umbelliferae d. Zingiberaceae Choose ▪ Tracheids are mostly found in: a. Monocot plants b. Dicot plants c. Angiosperms d. Gymnosperms ▪ Ginger rhizome, curcuma rhizome and cardamom seeds are medicinal plants belonging to the family? a. Poaceae b. Zingiberaceae c. Liliaceae d. Fabaceae ▪ To which of the followings, does onion belong ? a. Fabaceae b. Solanaceae c. Liliaceae d. Brassicaceae ▪ Which type of stomata could be found in plants of family Solanaceae? a. Anomocytic b. Anisocytic c. Diacytic d. Paracytic Lecture 9 (Physiology) Light Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6+ 6O2 Calvin cycle  Light-independent (Dark) reactions (Calvin cycle) Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate 3-phospho-glyceric acid From light reaction 3CO2 ½ C6H12O6 6CO2 C6H12O6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Respiration Net results from one glucose molecule 3 CITRIC ACID CYCLE 6 NADH + 2 GTP+ 2 FADH2 from 2 pyruvate molecules FADH2 1- Dark reactions in photosynthesis process are called……………… a. Phosphorylation b. Kerb’s cycle c. Citric acid cycle d. Calvin cycle 2- The number of ATP or GTP molecules resulted from one Kerb’s cycle ……… a. 2 b. 4 c. 1 d. 34 3- The second stage of Calvin cycle is………….. a. Regeneration of RuBP b. Fixation of CO2 c. Reduction of 3-PGA d. none of the previous 4- Light reaction occur in……………………. Where chlorophyll present a. Stroma b. Inside thylakoid c. Grana d. Thylakoid membrane 5- The process of splitting glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid is……… a. Respiration b. Photosynthesis c. Glycolysis d. Phosphorylation Lectures 10, 11 (Introduction to pharmacognosy) ❖ Plants are wild or cultivated ( Terms: Indigenous and naturalized) ❖ Collection of wild plants (Disadvantages) ❖ Cultivation of crude drug Advantages and disadvantages). ❖ Collection (Proper time and stage). ❖ Drying (Causes of removal of moisture, Methods of drying) ❖ Effect of drying on odor, taste, color and active constituents. ❖ Storage (Physicochemical and biological factors) How to make stabilization of crude drug against moisture????????? How to control insects???? ❖ Adulteration types (Sophistication, Substitution and admixture, inferiority) ❖ Methods of evaluation of crude drugs ❖ Chemistry of crude drugs: By products of metabolism Crystals (Ca-OX , Ca carbonate and silica) Mucilage (Types and reagents) Volatile oils (Secretory organs???) Tannins (Types and reagent) Alkaloids (Nitrogenous comp. , reagents??) * Plants growing in their native lands are classified as: a- Indigenous b- Introduced c- Cultivated d- Germinated * Which of the following plants require rapid drying? a- Frangula bark b- Vanilla pods c- Gentian roots d- Digitalis leaves How can you differentiate fixed oil and volatile oils? a. Mayer’s reagent b- FeCl3 c- Sudan III d- Stain on filter paper * Addition of saw dust to ginger powder is: a. Substitution b. Admixture c-Sophistication d. inferiorty The best time of collection of bark is: a. Autum b. Spring c-in all seasons d. Winter Natural nitrogenous compounds named…….. a. Tannins b. glycosides c. mucilage d. Alkaloids