Understanding Computers: Storage and Input/Output (Chapter 3-4) PDF

15th Edition Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Comprehensive Chapter 3 Storage Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Copyright 2015 CengageLea...

15th Edition Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow Comprehensive Chapter 3 Storage Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Copyright 2015 CengageLearning  Storage System Characteristics Storage Media and Storage Devices – Medium Hardware where data is stored DVD disc, flash memory card, etc. – Device DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc. Medium is inserted into device to be used – Can be internal, external, or remote – Storage devices are typically identified by letter Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 2  Storage System Characteristics Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 3  Storage System Characteristics Logical vs. Physical Representation – File Anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program, document, digital image, or song – Filename Name given to a file by the user – Folder Named place on a storage medium into which files can be stored Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4  Storage System Characteristics – Logical file representation Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit in a particular folder on a particular drive – Physical file representation Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location or locations Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 5  Storage System Characteristics Types of Storage Technology Used Magnetic (conventional hard drives) Optical (optical discs) Electrons (flash memory media) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 6  Hard Drives Hard Drive – Used to store most programs and data – Can be internal or external – Can be encrypted Magnetic Hard Drives – One or more permanently sealed metal magnetic disks with an access mechanism and read/write heads Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 10  Hard Drives Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 8  Hard Drives Hard disks are divided into: – Tracks Concentric path on disk where data is recorded – Sectors A small piece of the track – Clusters One or more sectors; smallest addressable area of a disk – Cylinders Collection of tracks located in the same location on a set of hard disk surfaces Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 9  Hard Drives Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 10  Hard Drives Solid State Drives (SSD( – Use flash memory technology – Use less power and have no moving parts – Particularly appropriate for portable computers and mobile devices Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 11  Internal and External Hard Drives Internal hard drives – Permanent storage devices located inside the system unit – Removed only if a problem develops External hard drives – Commonly used to transport large amounts of data from one computer to another – Portable external hard drives are smaller and easier to transport – Most connect with a USB connection although some may be wireless Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 12  Internal and External Hard Drives Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 13  Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and Hybrid Hard Drives Disk access time – Total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write data – Consists of seek time, rotational delay, and data movement time SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational delays Disk cache – Memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to improve system performance – Typically consist of memory chips on a circuit board inside the hard drive case Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 14  Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and Hybrid Hard Drives Hybrid Hard Drive – Combination of flash memory and magnetic hard drive – Uses flash memory for cache – Allows encryption to be built into the drive Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 20  Hard Drive Partitioning and File Systems Partitioning – Divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into separate areas, called partitions – Partitions function as independent hard drives – Referred to as logical drives – Increases efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters) Partitions used to create: – A recovery partition – A new logical drive for data – A dual boot system Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 16  Quick Quiz 1. Of the following three options, the storage media that would likely hold the most data is a(n). a. internal hard drive b. USB flash memory drive c. portable hard drive 2. True or False: Hard drives typically contain more than one metal hard disk. 3. The circular rings on a magnetic disk on which data is stored are called. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 17  Quick Quiz 1. Of the following three options, the storage media that would likely hold the most data is a(n). a. internal hard drive b. USB flash memory drive c. portable hard drive 2. True or False: Hard drives typically contain more than one metal hard disk. 3. The circular rings on a magnetic disk on which data is stored are called. Answers: 1) a; 2) True; 3) tracks Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 18  Optical Discs and Drives Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 19  Optical Discs and Drives Optical Drives – Three categories of discs: CD, DVD, or Blu-Ray Disc (BD) – Can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable – Almost always downward compatible – Can support single or dual layer discs – Recording data onto disc is called burning – Can be internal or external drives External drives typically connect via USB port Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 20  Optical Discs and Drives Major advantage: large capacity – CD discs are normally single layer and hold 650 or 700 MB – DVD discs hold 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-layer – BD discs hold 25 GB (single-layer) or 50 GB (dual-layer Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 30  Read-Only Optical Discs CD ROM, DVD ROM, and BD-ROM – Can be read from, but not written to, by the user CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc read-only memory) BD-ROM (Blu-Ray Disc read-only memory) – Normally come pre-recorded Software programs Clip art and other graphics Music Movies Games (PlayStation, Wii, Xbox, etc.) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 22  Recordable Optical Discs CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R Discs – Can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused – No physically molded pits – Most have a recording layer containing organic light- sensitive dye between disc’s plastic and reflective layers Except the BD-R disc, which has inorganic material – Used for backing up files, sending large files to others, and creating custom music CDs Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 23  Rewritable Optical Discs CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs – Can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused Uses phase change technology – Heating and cooling process is used to change the reflectivity of the disc Capacities are identical to the read-only and recordable discs, except BDXL – Appropriate for transferring large files from one computer to another or temporarily storing TV shows Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 24  Quick Quiz 1. The capacity of the typical CD disc is. a. 50 GB b. 700 MB c. 4.7 GB 2. True of False: A DVD-RW disc can be written to and rewritten to. 3. The tiny depressions, dark areas, or otherwise altered spots on an optical disc that are used to represent data are called. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 25  Quick Quiz 1. The capacity of the typical CD disc is. a. 50 GB b. 700 MB c. 4.7 GB 2. True of False: A DVD-RW disc can be written to and rewritten to. 3. The tiny depressions, dark areas, or otherwise altered spots on an optical disc that are used to represent data are called. Answers: 1) b; 2) True; 3) pits Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 26  Trend Box DNA Data Storage – Possible data storage medium Long-term, high-density encoding – Researchers have encoded data in DNA Translated into binary 0s and 1s, then to a ternary code, and then as strings of DNA’s chemical bases and stored in DNA – Biggest obstacle is cost - $12,400/MB – Biggest possibility: archiving Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 27  Flash Memory Storage Systems Flash Memory – Chip-based storage medium that represents data using electrons – Used in SSDs and hybrid hard drives Embedded Flash Memory – Flash memory chips embedded into products, such as Portable digital media players, digital cameras Handheld gaming devices, GPS devices, mobile phones Sunglasses and wristwatches Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 28  Flash Memory Storage Systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 29  Flash Memory Storage Systems Flash Memory Cards and Readers – Flash memory card Small card containing one or more flash memory chips, a controller chip, and metal contacts to connect the card to the device or reader with which it is being used Available in various formats that are not interchangeable: CompactFlash Secure Digital (SD) xD Picture Card Memory Stick Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) MultiMedia Card (MMC) Secure Digital Extended Capacity (SDXC) Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 30  Flash Memory Storage Systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 40  Flash Memory Storage Systems USB Flash Drives – Sometimes called flash memory drives, jump drives, or thumb drives – Flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plug into and is powered by a USB port – Designed to be very small and very portable – Can include biometric features, such as a built-in fingerprint reader Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 32  Flash Drive Storage Systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 33  Other Types of Storage Systems Network Storage and Cloud Storage Systems – Remote storage Using a storage device not directly connected to the computer being used Accessed through the Internet or through a network Cloud storage (online storage) – Accessed via the Internet Via Web sites (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.) Via online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, etc.) Growing in importance because more and more applications are Web based Many Web sites providing online storage offer it free Business cloud storage is available – Network storage Remote storage via local network Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 34  Network and Cloud Storage Systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 35  Smart Cards Smart Card – Credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some computer circuitry (processor, memory, and storage) – Stores small amount of data (about 64 KB or less) – Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or personal information – Smart card readers are built into or attached to a computer, door lock, vending machine, or other device – Some smart cards store biometric data – Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 50  Smart Cards Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 37  Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems Storage server – Hardware device containing multiple high-speed hard drives connected to the computer system or network – Most are based on magnetic hard discs Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 38  Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems RAID (redundant arrays of independent discs) – Method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together to do the job of a larger drive – Mostly used to protect critical data on large storage systems – Usually involves recording redundant copies of stored data – Helps to increase fault tolerance Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 39  Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems Different levels of RAID: – RAID 0 = disk striping (spread files over two or more hard drives) – RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate copy) – Other level use a combination or striping and mirroring Drobo system – New RAID storage system – Much easier to use than previous systems – Offers continuous data redundancy Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 40  Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 41  Magnetic Tape Systems Magnetic Tape – Plastic tape coated with a magnetizable substance that represents the bits and bytes of digital data – Primarily used for backup and archival purposes – Sequential access only – Low cost per terabyte – Most tapes today are in the form of cartridge tapes Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 42  Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives Product Characteristics to Consider: – Speed – Compatibility – Storage capacity – Convenience – Portability Most Users Require: – Hard drive – Recordable or rewritable optical drive – Flash memory card reader – USB ports Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60  Quick Quiz 1. An online photo sharing site is an example of. a. RAID b. cloud storage c. holographic storage 2. True or False: Flash memory storage systems are called solid- state storage systems because they are nonvolatile. 3. A type of sequential storage that sometimes used today for backup purposes is. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 61  Quick Quiz 1. An online photo sharing site is an example of. a. RAID b. cloud storage c. holographic storage 2. True or False: Flash memory storage systems are called solid- state storage systems because they are nonvolatile. 3. A type of sequential storage that sometimes used today for backup purposes is. Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) magnetic tape Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 61  Input and Output Deborah Morley Charles S. Parker Copyright 2015 CengageLearning  Keyboards An input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the insertion point or cursor – Can be wired or wireless – Typically contains: Standard alphanumeric keys Numeric keypad Function keys Delete and Backspace keys Control and Alternate keys Arrow directional keys and special keys Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4 7  Keyboards Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4 8  Keyboards Mobile devices often use: – Slide-out keyboard – Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard) – Keyboard dock Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 4 9  Pointing and Touch Devices Pointing devices are used to: – Select and manipulate objects – Input data – Issue commands to the computer Common types of pointing devices: – Mouse – Pen/stylus – Devices that use touch input Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 5 0  Mice Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 10  Trend Box Perceptual Computing: It focuses on enabling machines to understand, interpret, and interact with their environment by recognizing human gestures, voice commands, facial expressions, and even emotions. The goal is to make interactions between humans and computers more natural and intuitive, eliminating the need for traditional input devices like keyboards and mice. – Users control devices with 3D gestures, voice commands, and facial expressions – Noncontact system – Allows for full body input and input from a slight distance away Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 52  Pens/Styluses Stylus – Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen – Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen – Pen input is being used for: Photography, graphic design, animation Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare applications Navigating through a document Issuing commands Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 53  Pens/Styluses – Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices Pen input used with mobile devices and tablet computers – Used to input handwritten text and sketches and to manipulate objects – If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be converted to editable typed text Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 54  Touch Screens Touch Screens – Display devices that are touched with the finger to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer – Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices – Multi-touch Can recognize input from more than one finger at a time – Table PC Large screen computer either built into a table or designed to be used on a table Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 55  Touch Screens Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 56  How It Works Box Augmented Reality – Computer generated images are overlaid on top of real- time images – Today, most often with smartphones using camera input, location info, and other data – Displays appropriate information related to images captured by the smartphone Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 20  Scanners Scanners (Optical Scanners) – Input devices that read printed text and graphics and transfers them to a computer in digital form – Data is typically input as a single image – Can scan photos, documents, images – Types of scanners Flatbed Portable 3D Receipt and business card scanners Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 58  Scanners Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 59  Scanners Scanning Quality and Resolution – Quality of scanned images indicated by optical resolution Measured in number of dots per inch (dpi) Can often be specified when image is scanned Can be changed when scanned image is edited – Higher resolution means better quality but larger file size Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60  Readers Barcode Readers – Input devices that read barcodes – Machine-readable codes that represent data as a set of bars – Common Types Universal Product Code (UPC) ISBN DataBar QR Codes Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 61  Readers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 62  Readers Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices – OCR is the ability of a computer to recognize scanned text characters and convert them to electronic form as text, not images – OCR software is used to identify each character and convert it to editable text – Used to process turnaround documents like monthly bills Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 63  Readers Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers – Also called check scanners – Used primarily for banking – Read the special magnetic characters printed at the bottom of checks – High volume readers process deposited checks – Used to facilitate remote deposits and electronic check processing Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 64  Readers Biometric Readers – Used to input biometric data such as an individual’s fingerprint or voice – Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware – Most often used for access control, to authorize electronic payments, log on to secure Web sites Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 65  Technology and You Box Mobile Deposits – Mobile remote deposit capture – Transmit check information via smartphone app and camera – App optimizes the check front and back images and transmits images and deposit data to your bank Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 66  Digital Cameras Digital Cameras – Take pictures and records them as digital images – Can either be still cameras or video cameras – Integrated into many portable computers and mobile phones Digital Still Cameras – Primary appeal is that images are immediately available – Camera quality is measured in megapixels – Typically use flash memory for storage – Camera phones can be used to read barcodes, remotely deposit checks, etc. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 67  Digital Cameras Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 68  Digital Cameras Digital Video Cameras – Digital camcorders, PC video cameras (PC cams, webcams) – Built-in or stand alone – Store images on digital media (flash memory, DVDs, hard drives, etc.) Applications – Surveillance video cameras – Video conferences and Webinars – Face recognition systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 69  Audio Input Voice Input and Speech Recognition Systems – Audio Input The process of entering audio data into the computer – Voice Input Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital form via microphone or headset Can be used for podcasts and with VoIP (Voice over IP) systems Provides spoken instructions to computer when used with speech recognition systems Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 70  Audio Input Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 71  Audio Input Music Input Systems – Used to input music Existing music can be input using CDs or a Web download For original compositions, microphones, keyboard controllers, and guitar controllers can be used to input music Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 40  Quick Quiz 1. Change written text to editable digital form? a. OCR b. MICR c. OMR 2. True or False: Flatbed scanners can be used to scan photos, as well as documents on conventional paper. 3. A voice input system requires software and a(n) in order to input voice data or commands into a computer. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 73  Quick Quiz 1. Change written text to editable digital form? a. OCR b. MICR c. OMR 2. True or False: Flatbed scanners can be used to scan photos, as well as documents on conventional paper. 3. A voice input system requires software and a(n) in order to input voice data or commands into a computer. Answers: 1) c; 2) True; 3) microphone Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 74  Display Devices Display Device – Presents output visually on some type of screen – Monitor Display device for a desktop computer – Display Screen Screen built into a variety of devices – Notebook and other portable computers – Mobile phones and mobile devices – Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment devices, kitchen appliances – Digital photo frames, e-book readers, smart watches – Digital signage systems, digital billboards Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 75  Display Devices Display Device Characteristics – Color vs. Monochrome Displays Images are formed using pixels Most displays today are color displays – CRT vs. Flat-Panel Displays Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays: large, bulky, and heavy Flat-panel displays: take up less desk space; use less power Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 76  Display Devices Size and Aspect Ratio – Device size measured diagonally from corner to corner Screen Resolution – Number of pixels used on a display determines resolution – Affects the amount of information that can be displayed on the screen at one time – Can be changed to match users’ preference Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 77  Display Devices Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports – Video cards determine the graphic capabilities of a computer – VGA, DVI, and HDMI are the three most common interfaces to connect monitors to a computer – Ports exposed in the system unit cases are to connect monitors to computers New option is to use USB ports Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 78  Display Devices Wired vs. Wireless Displays – Wired display are physically connected to the system via a cable – Wireless displays connect using a wireless network connection (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) 2D vs. 3D Displays – Most displays are 2D – 3D displays use filters, prisms, and multiple lenses to create the 3D effects Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 79  Display Devices Wearable Displays – Project images from a mobile device to a display screen built into glasses Touch and Gesture Capabilities – Kiosks and portable gaming devices – Mobile phones and media tablets Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 80  Data and Multimedia Projectors Display output from a computer to a wall or projection screen Found in classrooms and conference rooms Can be wireless or integrated into devices Some contain an iPod dock Pico projectors are pocket-size and connect mobile and portable devices Hologram projectors used to display 3D images 3D projectors are designed to project 3D images that are viewed with 3D glasses Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 81  Data and Multimedia Projectors Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 82  Printers Print Resolution – Measured in dpi (dots per inch) – More dots per inch results in higher quality output – 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications Print Speed – Measured in pages per minute (PPM) – Range from about 15 to 65 ppm Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 83  Printers Personal vs. Network Printers – Personal printers connect directly to a single computer – Network printers connect directly to a home or an office network; some can perform cloud printing – Connection Options USB connection most com mon Multifunction Capabilities – Copy, fax, scan, print – All-in-ones Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 84  Laser Printers Use toner powder and technology similar to that of a photocopier to produce images on paper The standard for business documents Print one entire page at a time Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet printers Can be black and white or color Common print resolution for laser printers is between 600 and 2,400 dpi Use toner cartridges Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 85  Ink-Jet Printers Sprays droplets of ink to produce images on paper Use ink cartridges Usually print in color Often the choice for home use Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output Print more slowly than laser printers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60  Ink-Jet Printers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 87  Special Purpose Printers Barcode, label, and postage printers Photo printers Portable and integrated printers Wide-format ink-jet printers 3D printers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 88  Audio Output Audio Output – Voice, music, and other audible sounds – Common audio output devices Computer speakers Headphones and headsets Earphones and earbuds Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 89  Quick Quiz 1. Which of the following types of display devices should have the largest footprint (the amount of room taken up on a desk)? a. CRT monitor b. OLED display c. LCD display 2. True or False: Laser printers can only print in black and white. 3. printers form images with drops of liquid ink. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 90  Quick Quiz 1. Which of the following types of display devices should have the largest footprint (the amount of room taken up on a desk)? a. CRT monitor b. OLED display c. LCD display 2. True or False: Laser printers can only print in black and white. 3. printers form images with drops of liquid ink. Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) Ink-jet printers Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 91