General Biology Zoology 1st Year Dentistry Lectures PDF

General biology zoology 1st year dentistry  biology What is the main study of biology? Biology is the study of life. The word "biology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "logos" (meaning "study"). In general, biologists study the structure, functio...

General biology zoology 1st year dentistry  biology What is the main study of biology? Biology is the study of life. The word "biology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "logos" (meaning "study"). In general, biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms. What are the 2 types of biology? The two major branches of Biology are:. Botany- It includes the study of plants. Zoology- It includes the study of animals. Course Code: BIO 111 Course title : BIOLOHGY Academic year: year (2022-2023) Program title: Bachelor of Dental Surgery Contact Lectures 1 Practical 2 = Total 3 /week hours/week/year: Overall aims of course The aim of the course is to provide dental students with a Background of biology and understanding and appreciation of the vast diversity of living organisms structure and function and their evolutionary and ecological relationships a-Knowledge and understanding By the end of this course the student should be able to: -Understand basic scientific facts, concepts, principles, techniques and applications related to living organisms.. Allocated -Describe processes and mechanisms supporting the structure, Assessment % Mark function and different metabolic processes of organisms of Total different groups Periodical exams 10 % 10 -Represent examples for types of interrelationships between Mid-Term exam 10 % 10 Organisms groups and their ecosystems. Practical exam 30 % 30 Oral exam 10 % 10 Written exam 40 % 40 Total 100% 100  zoology 1 General Introduction animal cell structure and function of animal and cell organelles 1 Animal taxonomy, definition of species, binomial theory of nomenclature, classification methods of animal kingdom Books and webs 3 phylum Protozoa , general characters structure and Zoology taxonomy and medical importance of selected examples Systematic zoology 3 Platyhelminthes general characters , structure and Medical parasitology importance https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ 3 Nematodes general characters structure and taxonomy and medical importance of selected examples 1 general characters structure and taxonomy and medical importance of selected examples Annelida 1 Will give you the power point  The human body consists of:. Cells Tissues Organs Systems. cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made up of cells, and all cells come from other cells.  Animal cell The cell organization forms an integral part of every living organism. Every cell type has similar features, including RNA, DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. The cell structure of eukaryotic cells includes a large assortment of organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.  cell membrane Definition. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the cell’s interior from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. The major components of the cell membrane are: phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and other lipids such as cholesterol. cytoplasm What is the important function of cytoplasm? Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intracellular organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.  Cell organells Within the cytoplasm, the major organelles and cellular structures include: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (6) Golgi apparatus (7) cytoskeleton (8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytosol (12) lysosome (13) centriole. What are the 5 major organelles? Organelles are involved in many vital cell functions. Organelles in animal cells include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and vacuoles mitochondrion A is a round to oval- shaped organelle found in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms.. The classic role of mitochondria is oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat. ATP is used in turn as the primary energy source for most biochemical and physiological processes, such as growth, movement and homeostasis.  Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The diverse functions of the ER are performed by distinct domains; consisting of tubules, sheets and the nuclear envelope. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves important functions particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins ribosomes The ribosome is universally responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence. Ribosomes use cellular accessory proteins, soluble transfer RNAs, and metabolic energy to accomplish the initiation, elongation, and termination of peptide synthesis. Lysosomes Lysosomes break down macromolecules into their constituent parts, which are then recycled. These membrane-bound organelles contain a variety of enzymes called hydrolases that can digest proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex sugars.  The nucleus The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. What are the 4 major functions of the nucleus? Namely, these functions are: control of the genetical information of the cell and thus the heredity characteristics of an organism, control of the protein and enzyme synthesis. control of cell division and cell growth. storage of DNA, RNA and ribosome. regulation of the transcription of the mRNA to protein. Nucleoli The nucleolus is considered as the brain of the nucleus, Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus. The gel-like matrix in which the nuclear components are suspended is the nucleoplasm. What is the difference between nucleoli and nucleolus? Nucleoli are small basophilic spherical bodies located in the nucleus. Usually they can be found in the central nuclear region but may also be close to the nuclear membrane. A nucleolus is built by a nucleolus organizing region (NOR) of a specific chromosome.  Cell Component Function Surrounds, holds cell together Plasma (cell) membrane gives its form. controls passage of materials into & out of cell Cytoplasm Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur. Nucleus: Nuclear envelope Supports nucleus & controls passage of materials b/w nucleus & cytoplasm. Nucleolus Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes. Agranular (smooth) ER metabolizes nonpolar compounds & stores Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ in striated muscle cells; granular (rough) ER assists in protein sysnthesis Ribosomes Synthesize proteins Synthesizes carbohydrates & packages molecules for secretion. Golgi complex Secretes lipids & glycoproteins Release energy from food molecules & transform energy into usable Mitochondria ATP Lysosomes Digest foreign molecules & damaged organelles Cell types Stem cells. Stem cells are cells that must choose what they are going to become.... Bone cells. There are at least three main types of bone cells: Blood cells. There are many types of blood cells, including: Muscle cells.... Sperm cells.... Female egg cell.... Fat cells.... Nerve cells. What is the classification of protozoa based on locomotion? The kingdom Protista includes the protozoa, slime molds, and algae. Protozoa can be divided into four phyla based on their locomotion: Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, and Sporozoa. Members of the phylum Mastigophora move about by using one or more whiplike flagella.  The Protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of the kingdom Protista, although in the classical system they were placed in the kingdom Animalia. Why protozoa are classified as animals? Animal-like protists are commonly called protozoa (singular, protozoan). Most protozoa consist of a single cell. They are animal-like because they are heterotrophs, and are capable of moving. Taxonomic classification of protozoa Sub Phylum Sub-phylum Genus- Species- examples kingdom examples Protozoa Sarcomastig- Sarcodina-- - Entamoeba E. histolytica ophora move by pseudopodia further divided into Mastigophora Giardia G. lamblia move by flagella Apicomplexa Plasmodium P. falciparum, no organelle of P. vivax, locomotion P. malariae, P. ovale Ciliophora Balantidium B. coli move by cillia Microspora Enterocyto- E. bienusi Spore-forming zoa 27 SUBKINGDOM: PROTOZOA  Protozoa: are unicellular organisms (solitary or colonial).  Habitats: Marine water, freshwater, terrestrial, including soil or parasitic.  Cell cover: plasma membrane or firm pellicle (Plasma membrane and underlying cytoskeleton).  Nutrition: Holophytic (plant-like), Holozoic (animal-like) or Saprozoic.  Respiration: mostly by simple diffusion through the body surface.  Locomotor organs: Pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella.  Osmoregulation: via contractile vacuoles in free living.  Cytoplasm: is divided into a thin outer ectoplasm and an inner endoplasm.  Reproduction: asexually (binary fission) and sexually. 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 28  protozoa Protozoa are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities. Entamoeba gingivalis Giardia lamblia  Intestinal parasitic protozoa 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 30  Life cycle of the intestinal parasiyic protozoa 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 31  Phylum 1: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum 1: Sarcodina Body is naked without definite pellicle orPseudopodia are the main locomotory organ. Nutrition: hololzoic Contractile vacuoles are present in freshwater species but lacking in parasitic species. Reproduction mostly by transverse binary fission (asexual); few reproduce sexually 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 32  Entamoeba sp Ameba (or Amoeba) are characterized by possessing clear protoplasm which form pseudopodia. ‫اقدام كاذبه‬ These pseudopodia are the means by which these organisms move ‫ تتحرك‬and engulf ‫ تيتلع‬bacteria and red blood cells for feeding purposes Entamoeba gingivalis  Entamoeba gingivalis trophozoit only  Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar  Entamoeba coli 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 33 Entamoeba gingivalis  It is found in the mouth inside the gingival pocket biofilm near the base of the teeth, and in periodontal pockets  Entamoeba gingivalis is found in 95% of people with gum disease and rarely in people with healthy gums  Cyst formation is not present;  therefore transmission is direct from one person to another by kissing, or by sharing eating utensils.  Only the trophozoites are formed and the size is usually 20 micrometers to 150 micrometers in diameter 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 34  Entamoeba gingivalis Only Trophozoite Diagnosis by making swap from the gum  Entamoeba histolytica Cyst Trophozoite infective Pathogenic stage and diagnostic stage  Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar Entamoeba histolytica: cause :amebic dysentery. Entamoeba histolytica is a single-celled parasite that is transmitted to humans via contaminated water and food. It can also infect the liver and other organs. Severe infections inflame the mucosa of the large intestine cause symptoms causing amoebic dysentery intestinal amoebiasis. Minor infections (luminal The parasites can also penetrate the intestinal invasive amoebiasis) stage ‫ تهاجم جدار االمعاء‬wall and travel to organs such as the can cause symptoms that liver via bloodstream causing extra-intestinal amoebiasis. include: Symptoms of these more severe infections include: gas (flatulence) Anemia appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) intermittent constipation bloody diarrhea,fatigue,fever,genital and skin lesions loose stools ,intermittent constipation,liver abscesses (can lead to death, stomach cramping. if not treated) malnutrition 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 37  Diagnosies by fecal smear The cysts can be identified eyepiece graticule. The trophozoites can be seen in a fresh saline preparation of the stool although accurate identification is on a permanently stained Morphology of Cysts Cysts of E. histolytica are 10-15µm in diameter and contain one to four nuclei. Chromatoid bodies are usually present in young cysts as elongated bars with bluntly rounded ends. 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 38  Entamoeba coli Entamoeba coli are a non-pathogenic ameba with world wide distribution. Its life cycle is similar to that of E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage ‫ال تهاجم جدار‬ ‫ االمعاء‬and does not ingest red blood cells. The trophozoite is larger than that of E. histolytica ranging from 15-50µm in diameter. It exhibits blunt pseudopodia with sluggish movement Morphology of Cysts Cysts of E. coli are 15-30µm in diameter and contain one to eight nuclei with irregular peripheral chromatin: karyosomes not central 10/6/2024 prof. Mahi Ghobashy 39