Biology PDF

-fresh water Biology Marine Biology -study of marine life Immunology BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY -immune system Mycology Zoology...

-fresh water Biology Marine Biology -study of marine life Immunology BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY -immune system Mycology Zoology -fungi -study of animals Botany CELL -plants -basic unit of life Ecology Types: -ecosystem Prokaryotes(unicellular)-bacteria Anatomy Eukaryotes(multicellular)-animal,plant,fungi -human body Morphology POSTULATE CELL THEORY -structure of organism 1. All known living things are made of Physiology one or more cell. -different organs interact 2. All living cell is from pre-existing cell Molecular Biology 3. The cell is the basic unit of structure -molecules in body and function in all living organism. Cytology -cells ROBERT HOOKE Development Biology -discovered cell -growth of living organism -1665 Parasitology -study of parasitic organism ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK Entomology -observed living cell -insects -1647 Microbiology -microorganism MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN Histology -all plants are made of cell -tissue -1838 Genetics -genes THEODOR SCHWANN Virology -animals -virus -1839 Biochemistry -chemicals Limnology RUDOLF VIRCHOW 7. Lysosome -pre-existing cell -protection from foreign invaders 1855 -cell eating(phagocytosis) and cell drinking(pinocytosis) CELL ORGANELLES 8. Vacuole 1. Plasma Membrane -prominent in plant cell -semi-permeable (2 layers of lipid) -temporary in animals head(hydrophilic) -source of water and food tail(hydrophobic) 9. Mitochondria 2. Cell wall -the power house of the cell - protects plant cell/bacterias -synthesize ATP(Adenosine -made up of cellulose and pectin Triphosphate) -protections from pathogens (causes -produce Atp near cytoplasm diseases) 10. Chloroplast 3. Nucleus -produces chlorophyll (reflect green -center of the cell light and absorb all light) -metabolism (catabolism-breaking -site for photosynthesis down and anabolism-building) -grana-single stack -protein synthesis -granum-many stack -amino acid(building blocks of protein) 11. Centrosome 4. Cytoplasm -animal cell -site where all cell activities occur -functions during cell division - ETC (Electron Transport chain) -it extends it spindle fiber to separate chromosome 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum -internal support to cytoplasm 12. Cytoskeleton Types: -provide support and structure Rough ER - ribosome - proteins -assist in movement Smooth Er-lipids Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 6. Golgi Body -no true nucleus -nucleus is well develop -packer, bagger, delivery -one chromosome -+one chromosome -5-8 membranous sacks -bacteria -animal,plant -2 ends(cisface and traceface)  -compounded secreted by the cell on its apical Animal Plant surface -small -large -Cell Wall is the extracellular structure i the -no cell wall -has cell wall plant cells -Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of ECM in -no plastids -has plastids animal cell -vacuoles are smaller -larger vacuoles -centrioles present -no centrioles BASAL modification found on the basal surface of the CELL MODIFICATION cell. -specialized or modifications reacquired by the cell after cell division. DESMOSOMES -helps the cell in different beneficial ways cell to cell connection APICAL HEMIDESMOSOME - connect the cell to basal lamina -cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell LATERAL -modification found on the surface of the cell. Cilia and Flagella lateral -cilia are usually short hair-like structures that moves in waves TIGHT JUNCTION -flagella are long whip-like structures -act as barriers that regulate the movement of -formed from microtubules water and solutes between epithelial layers -Prevent leakage of ECF Villi and Microvilli -villi are finger-like projections that arise from ADHERING JUNCTION epithelial layer in some organs -anchoring junction -helps to increase surface area allowing for -Similar to desmosomes faster and more efficient absorption -fasten cell one another -microvilli are smaller projections that arise from cell surface GAP JUNCTION -increase in the surface area known ar communicating Junction Pseudopods -closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of -temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas adjoining animal cell and some other eukaryotic cell -participate in exchange of H20 and Ions -bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey -prevolent that can be seen in heart particularly in cardiac muscle ECM (Extracellular Matrix) CELL DIVISION CHROMOSOME -duplication of organells piece of DNA that container the genetic -synthesis of protein information for a cell S Phase CHROMATIN DNA Replication results into duplicate building block for chromosome chromosome consist of DNA and proteins G2 Phase CENTRIOLE & CENTROSOME continue to grow centriole is a barrel of micro- tubule structure. if problem occurs,mitosis will be halted Two centriole arrange themselve perpendicularly to form a centrosome. M PHASE CENTROMERE MITOSIS constricted region of chromosome that holds - process in which eukaryotes separates the two sister chromatids together, site where chromosome in its nucleus kinetochore form -form in two identical get in two daughter cells. KINETOCHORE PROPHASE Complex protein containing structure to which chromosome condensed microtubules attached. sister chromatid attach at a point CHROMATID METAPHASE one strand of the chromosome -the centrosome are arranged "sister chromatid " are what two chromatids along the middle of the spindle called. ANAPHASE CELL DIVISION the centromere of each chromosome splits, -growth, repair dead cell, asexual reproduction allowing sister chromatids to separate. the chromatids are pulled/ separated CELL CYCLE two sets of chromosome are identical -sequence of growth and division of the cell. TELOPHASE MITOSIS and MEIOSIS -Formation of two identical cell. MITOSIS producer body cells. CYTOKINESIS produce identical cells The dividing of cytoplasm and organelles -Begins in anaphase and completed by the end of INTERPHASE (90% of the cyle) telophase G1 Phase -growth of cell MEIOSIS process that contributes to genetic variety producer sperm egg cells. called gametes. * MEIOSIS also begins prom INTERPHASE. PROPHASE I chromosome will condensed and thicken line up pairs, with their homologous CROSSING OVER - transfer/exchange genetic information. RECOMBINANT CHROMOSOME- called to chromosome after undergoing crossing over METAPHASE I the chromosome are in the Middle of the cell. Pairs on the middle ANAPHASE I the chromosome one pulled away with each other. TELOPHASE I -form of two nuclei MEIOSIS II PROPHASE 11 not eventful unlike prophase METAPHASE II they're gonna line up in the middle single line ANAPHASE II the chromatids are the one pulled away. TELOPHASE II the two cells have divided nuclei reformed