2501 Test 2 Notes PDF

**Chapter 9- Puritans** Puritans- felt that sport or recreation was not necessary and were God fearing people. They felt no sport or work should be done on Sunday, the Lord's day. They felt football was a violent sport leading to drinking and rowdiness among men and was done on Sundays which was ag...

**Chapter 9- Puritans** Puritans- felt that sport or recreation was not necessary and were God fearing people. They felt no sport or work should be done on Sunday, the Lord's day. They felt football was a violent sport leading to drinking and rowdiness among men and was done on Sundays which was against God. Games were seen as sinful. New England puritans were also concerned with religion. They felt that any free time should be spent working and efficient use of time. The new Puritans realized that recreation had to be some part of life and decided sport in the right form could be beneficial. **John Downame**, a New England minister, argued that moderate recreation might even be necessary to keep individuals refreshed in order to work and pray. Similarly, **John Winthrop**, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company, found that abstention from recreation created disorder in his life. Recreations such as fishing, hunting, and walking became acceptable because it was believed that they improved health and renewed spirits so that people could return to work refreshed.11 Amusements in New England Taverns- places like German pubs for travelers to drink, competition and socialize Built near day horseback ride's traveling- Canada to Georgia Tavern owners held competitions with prizes like turkey shoots **The Puritans remained politically powerful in New England, but over time, amusements such as hopscotch, horse racing, ice skating, and sleigh riding became more socially acceptable.** **Sport in the Mid Atlantic States** Pennsylvania- Benjamin Franklin believed healthful environment that featured a garden, meadows, orchards, and playing fields where students could participate in sports such as running races, wrestling competition, leaping, and swimming. **Franklin In 1749, he opened the doors to his first academy in Philadelphia where physical education and sports competition were part of the curriculum** Eating, drinking and gambling were New York- horse racing, bowling, golf, and early versions of croquet, tennis, and cricket **American South- looking more for adventure than religion** planters enjoyed wagering money and tobacco on horse races because-raced in the streets fox hunting, hunting, fishing, rowing, lawn bowling, dancing, cock fighting, boxing, and fencing also popular social class often dictated appropriate sporting behavior. **boxing and horse racing, where the athletes frequently were slaves (Figure 9-1).** American boxers, or "pugilists" America's first well-known pugilist was Tom Molineaux- slave who was famous boxer- 1810 went to fight Tom Cribb **Native Americans** Lacrosse popular sport With introduction of horses, horse racing grew **Chapter 10** Changes in the United States can be described from a variety of perspectives: demographic, technological, cultural, political, theological, and philosophical. 1820's moving from farming communities to industrialization -- telegraph, railroad, steamboats, tools all modernized the world and moved people to cities Mass production changed sports- more uniforms and equipment made quicker and more electric lights and trolleys could take people to sporting events as baseball Cameras were used to film sports transcendentalism and pragmatism- **transcendentalism** New England writers A person who believes in transcendentalism might spend time alone in nature to connect with their inner self\-\--helped make many types of sport and physical education necessary and important Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about nature and being active in the outside world promoted physical activity Henry Thoreau- spent hours in the wilderness- emphasized the physical character of being human and communion with the nature. Activities in the outdoors became much more acceptable to Americans, as transcendentalists successfully argued that these activities taught people independence, survival skills, and other desirable virtues **pragmatism- Charles Darwin** Charles Peirce (1839--1914) was the principal organizer of the Metaphysical Club we come to know using our senses Muscular Christianity= good and godly about brute strength and power, body was the temple to the soul---finding the good in sports 1800's sport was games and play Horse racing more of a game than sport horse racing and harness racing changed significantly between 1820 and 1870. Initially, contests between a few participants and of local interest, horse and harness races came to meet all of the criteria that describe modern sport Marshall Taylor- 1^st^ super star of cycling African American, Cricket-played by English immigrants- didn't catch on too hard to play, highly organized and associated with gambling 1855- baseball grew in popularity, easier to play, 1734 at Harvard. dozen or so clubs sprang up in New York City between 1845 and 1855, composed of middle-class, white-collar workers. One of the most popular of these clubs was the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club Alexander Cartwright, developed the rules of baseball used today 1858, twenty-six clubs banded together to form the National Association of Base Ball Players 1871, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP) Football- Rutgers and Princeton on November 6, 1869 first game 1873, Princeton, Yale, Columbia, and Rutgers formed the Intercollegiate Association for Football. Walter Camp changed rules from a rugby to more of football know today Rowing very popular during late 1800s. Almost every organized sport underwent a process of modernization that helped it develop governing institutions, organize rules, and keep statistics. **Chapter 11** Major concern of 1900's was health- investigate the link between mind and body Mens sana en corpore sano- A healthy mind resides in a healthy body"--- Physical education changed during 1900's- William G. Anderson, M.D/merican Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAAPE) and later changed to renamed the American Physical Education Association (APEA). Beecher and Lewis devoted their efforts to promoting health and exercise for women Catherine Beecher= calisthenics- exercises to develop beautiful bodies Lewis gymnastics Physical education prepared women for motherhood, and health was essential to that role. 1894, Mary E. Allen, owner of the Allen Gymnasium in Boston, summarized the benefits of exercise for late nineteenth-century women. She argued that healthy women could maintain their equilibrium, sick women could restore their health, A conference on physical training was held in Boston in 1889- compared German and Sweden gymnastics to find the American way American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education (AAAPE).- pe jobs for men and women were happening in 19^th^ century School for training pe teachers- before World War I; the Sargent Normal School of Physical Education 1902, the school merged with Boston University to become the Sargent College of Physical Education. YMCA International Training School, later named Springfield College, was established in 1887 in Springfield, Massachusetts The first graduate degree program in physical education was established at Teachers College, Columbia University, in 1901 Dudley Sargent operated the Harvard Summer School of Physical Education, which he opened in 1887 **Chapter 14** Endurance sports after world war I like dancing, dance marathons 1928, a sports promoter known as C. C. Pyle (the C. C. stood for "Cash and Carry") organized the Bunion Derby- foot race from LA to New York Scott Tinley, one of the premier triathletes College football- Rose Bowl, first played in 1902 first reported game between two Black colleges involved Biddle University In 1905, eighteen football players were killed, and many others were seriously injured President Theodore Roosevelt met with administrators and coaches from the leading football universities to reform the game to make it safer. Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, composed of thirty-eight colleges. This organization was renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1910.---at meeting Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, composed of thirty-eight colleges. This organization was renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1910. Athletics decreased World War I Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, composed of thirty-eight colleges. This organization was renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1910. professional football was played as far back as 1894, when the teams were made up of blue-collar workers and former college players from the mill towns of Ohio and Pennsylvania. Organized football in 1920 American Professional Football Association (APFA)- Jim Thorpe 1^st^ president American Football League (AFL) in 1960, Super Bowl in 1966 AFL and NFL in 1970 The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, identifies Rube Marshall (1880--1958) and Fritz Pollard (1894--1986) as the first African Americans to play in the NFL Baseball Larry Doby broke the color barrier in the American League when he signed with the Cleveland Indians. Jackie Robinson's exploits on the baseball diamond provided a catalyst to integrate sports. Basketball Perhaps the most noteworthy achievement to have occurred at Springfield was the invention of basketball by Dr. James A. Naismith Volleyball 1895, a group of businessmen gathered at the Holyoke, Massachusetts, YMCA under the watchful eye of William Morgan Women in sports Illinois became a leader in the promotion of girls' athletics when it established the State League of Girls' Athletic Associations in the early 1920s.