Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter 8: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Two Major Divisions Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton 1 Brief outli...

Chapter 8: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Two Major Divisions Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton 1 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Two major divisions * axial skeleton - bones arranged along the longitudinal axis of the body * appendicular skeleton - upper and lower extremities (limbs or appendages) 2 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  3 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat SKULL * cranial bones (cranium) - enclose brain and sense organs - cranial vault or skull cap - cranial base: fossae * facial bones - form framework of face - contain sense organs (vision, taste, smell) - passageways for air and food - secure teeth - attachment of facial muscles 4 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Cranial bones frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid 5 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Facial bones nasal maxilla zygomatic mandible lacrimal palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer 6 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  7 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  8 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  9 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  10 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Cranial Fossae * anterior fossa: - involves frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid - holds frontal lobes over the top of the orbits and nasal cavity * middle fossa: - involves sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones - holds temporal lobes of the brain posterior fossa: - involves temporal and occipital bones - holds the cerebellum, and lower end of brain stem 11 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  12 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Sutures - immovable joints found only between skull bones coronal sagittal lambdoid squamous - tiny bones found within sutures, variable number, common in lamboidal suture - represent additional ossification centers in expanding fetal skull ** Craniosynostoses 13 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  14 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Fontanels - spaces between the cranial bones in fetus and infants Major fontanels: anterior posterior sphenoidal (anterolateral) mastoid (posterolateral) - two major functions: - enable the fetal skull to compress as it passes through the birth canal - permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy 15 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  16 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Paranasal Sinuses - cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity - lined by mucous membranes - serve to lighten the skull - serve as resonating chambers for speech - Sinusitis: inflammation of membranes due to infection or allergy ** blockage of the outlets into the nasal cavity may cause painful build-up of pressure in the sinuses - Cleft palate and cleft lip: ** due to lack of fusion of portions of the palatine and maxillary bones during fetal development 17 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  18 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat VERTEBRAL COLUMN - distributed into five regions: * cervical vertebrae * thoracic vertebrae * lumbar vertebrae * sacrum * coccyx 19 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  20 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Curvatures * give strength, support, and balance ** two primary: thoracic and sacral ** two secondary: cervical and lumbar Abnormal curves Spina bifida 21 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  22 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Intervertebral discs - cushion like pads - two parts: * inner semifluid nucleosus pulposus: - gives elasticity and compressibility * annulus fibrosus: - strong collar made of collagen anf fibrocartilage - holds successive vertebrae together - resists tension - allows various movements of the spine - herniated disc * annulus fibrosus may rupture * nucleosus pulposus protrudes * protrusion may compress spinal cord/spinal nerve; pain - percutaneous laser disc decompression 23 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  24 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Vertebrae - each consists of a; * body (centrum), * vertebral (neural) arch * several processes cervicals: * Atlas: no body (centrum) * Axis: dens or odontoid process thoracic lumbar sacral coccyx 25 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  26 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  27 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  28 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  29 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Hyoid bone 30 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat THORAX - sternum - ribs * true ribs * false ribs * floating ribs - costal cartilages 31 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  32 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat Appendicular Skeleton Upper and Lower limb bones Shoulder girdle or Scapula and Clavicles Hip girdle or Pelvis or Coxal bone 33 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  34 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat LIMB BONES Details of the structure and articulations of the limb bones. Bones of the upper limbs ** Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges Bones of the lower limbs ** Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges 35 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  36 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  37 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  38 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  39 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  40 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  41 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  Osgood-Schlatter Disease 42 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  43 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  44 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat GIRDLES Pelvic Girdle or Pelvis or Hip Bone ** Ilium, Ischium, Pubis, Acetabulum Pectoral Girdle or Shoulder Girdle ** Scapula, Acromian Process, Clavicles, Glenoid cavity 45 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  46 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  47 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat  48 Brief outlines only. For details, please refer to the Lecture Text on Top Hat