Bone Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which statement about compact bone is true?

Compact bone is characterized by a dense and strong structure. (correct)

Compact bone has a high number of osteons.

Compact bone contains many blood vessels within its matrix.

Compact bone is primarily found in the epiphysis of long bones.

What is the primary function of canaliculi in osteons?

To allow blood vessels to enter the bone.

To form the outer layer of bone.

To store adipose tissue.

To provide communication between osteocytes. (correct)

During intramembranous ossification, which cell type directly differentiates into osteoblasts?

Mesenchymal cells (correct)

Fibroblasts

Osteocytes

Chondrocytes

What structure is specifically associated with spongy bone?

Trabeculae Signup and view all the answers

What begins the process of endochondral ossification?

Development of cartilage model in fetal development. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone fracture is characterized by a break that does not fully break through the bone?

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the thinning of bone density, making bones more susceptible to fractures?

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the transformation of cartilage into bone, primarily occurring in long bones?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing calcium levels in the blood by stimulating bone resorption?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

Which zone in the epiphyseal plate is responsible for the formation of new cartilage cells?

Zone of proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which bone width increases during growth?

Bone resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Which fracture type refers to a break that results in multiple fragments of bone?

Comminuted fracture Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcitonin play in bone health?

Lowers blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a long bone is primarily responsible for the production of yellow bone marrow?

Diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the periosteum's inner osteogenic layer?

It is involved in the formation and resorption of bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone cells are primarily responsible for the breakdown of bone tissue?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

In the process of ossification, what do osteoblasts secrete to provide tensile strength to the bone?

Osteoid Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones at the epiphyses?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of the endosteum?

To facilitate bone growth and remodeling Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating calcium levels in the bone?

Parathyroid hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteocytes within the bone tissue?

To maintain the bone matrix and communicate with other cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

To lighten the skull and act as resonating chambers for speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions describes inflammation of the membranes in the paranasal sinuses?

Sinusitis Signup and view all the answers

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

Thoracic and Sacral Signup and view all the answers

What role do intervertebral discs serve in the vertebral column?

They absorb shock and allow for movement between vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of fontanels in infants?

To allow the skull to compress during delivery Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial fossa is responsible for holding the temporal lobes of the brain?

Middle fossa Signup and view all the answers

How many major fontanels are identified in an infant's skull?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What are sutures primarily characterized as?

Immovable joints between skull bones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is not involved in the anterior cranial fossa?

Parietal bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tiny bones found within cranial sutures?

To form additional ossification centers Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial structure is primarily held in the posterior cranial fossa?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What are the sutures in the skull primarily composed of?

Bone and dense fibrous connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of an intervertebral disc?

Nucleosus pulposus and annulus fibrosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the annulus fibrosus in the intervertebral discs?

Holding successive vertebrae together Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a herniated disc?

Protrusion of the nucleosus pulposus Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the vertebral column does not have a body (centrum)?

Cervical region Signup and view all the answers

Which group correctly identifies the types of ribs?

True, false, and floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?

Cushion and allow movement of the spine Signup and view all the answers

Which process might involve percutaneous laser disc decompression?

Herniated disc treatment Signup and view all the answers

How is the strength of the annulus fibrosus best described?

Strong and resistant to tension Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement is characterized as nonaxial, involving slipping movements without an axis?

Gliding movement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of angular movement allows movement only in one plane?

Uniaxial movement Signup and view all the answers

Which types of movements are included in multiaxial movements?

Both A and C Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rotational movements in synovial joints?

Circular movement around an axis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an angular movement?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement occurs when the foot moves upward towards the shin?

Dorsiflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints primarily exhibits rotational movement?

Shoulder joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of gliding movements between two bones?

Slipping or gliding motion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows only flexion and extension movements?

Hinge joint Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is characterized by a convex condyle fitting into a concavity, allowing biaxial movement?

Condyloid joint Signup and view all the answers

Which synovial joint is considered the most freely movable?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is NOT an example of an uniaxial joint?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint would allow for rotational movement?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement occurs at the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb?

Biaxial movement Signup and view all the answers

Which synovial joint type is characterized by both convex and concave surfaces?

Saddle joint Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the movement allowed by a plane joint?

Gliding movements Signup and view all the answers

Which joint movement involves turning the palm upward?

Supination Signup and view all the answers

Which movement describes the sole of the foot turning inward?

Inversion Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'opposition' refer to in joint movements?

Moving the thumb to touch other fingers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements would be characterized as elevation?

Lifting the arms above the head Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is specifically described by pushing the shoulders backward?

Retraction Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the movement associated with the term 'pronation'?

Turning the palm downward Signup and view all the answers

In what type of movement is the arm raised sideways away from the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the movement known as 'depression'?

Moving a body part downward Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics define muscle fibers?

Cylindrical, multinucleate, contain mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sarcolemma in muscle fibers?

Serves as the muscle fiber's plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epimysium in skeletal muscles?

To encapsulate the entire muscle belly Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer surrounds each muscle fiber?

Endomysium Signup and view all the answers

What functional characteristic of muscles allows them to return to their original shape after stretching?

Elasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes skeletal muscle attachment?

Origin is typically on an immovable bone, and insertion is on a movable bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle fibers are typically characterized as having multiple nuclei?

Skeletal muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

What connective tissue surrounds the fascicles of skeletal muscles?

Perimysium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the all-or-none phenomenon in muscle contractions?

Muscle fibers contract fully or not at all. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the latent phase of a muscle twitch?

No obvious changes in muscle length happen. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a sustained muscle contraction that occurs when the rate of stimulation is high enough for the twitches to fuse?

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

In which type of muscle contractions does the length of the muscle change while maintaining constant tension?

Isotonic contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction?

Binds to calcium to activate MLCK. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes single-unit smooth muscle from multi-unit smooth muscle?

Single-unit muscle fibers are connected by gap junctions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of dense bodies in smooth muscle?

They anchor the thin filaments during contraction. Signup and view all the answers

During which process do muscle fibers primarily lose their ability to maintain a contraction?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What type of myofilament is anchored to Z-discs in a sarcomere?

Actin Signup and view all the answers

Which structure runs through thick filaments and provides elasticity to the sarcomere?

Titin Signup and view all the answers

Which protein binds to calcium ions and is part of the troponin complex?

TnC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of actinin in muscle fibers?

Binds actin filaments to Z-discs Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sarcomere anatomy, what does the H-zone represent?

The region containing only thick filaments Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for connecting muscle cytoskeletal elements to the extracellular matrix?

Dystrophin Signup and view all the answers

What component of the troponin complex is primarily responsible for maintaining the position of the actin-tropomyosin complex?

TnI Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sarcomere is primarily responsible for the structural alignment of myofilaments?

Z-disc Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible during mastication?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is part of the anterior trunk and is involved in moving the upper arm?

Pectoralis major Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is involved in the function of respiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle has the ability to close the eyelids?

Orbicularis oculi Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is known to assist in the lateral movement of the head?

Sternocleidomastoid Signup and view all the answers

Which anterior muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the elbow?

Biceps brachii Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is classified as a trunk muscle that contributes to movements of the abdomen?

Rectus abdominis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is responsible for moving the thigh at the hip?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is part of the hamstrings group?

Semimembranosus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the wrist?

Flexor carpi ulnaris Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff?

Teres major Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily aids in inhalation during breathing?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles is included in the quadriceps femoris?

Rectus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle contributes to the action of extending the knee?

Vastus medialis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the external intercostals?

Facilitate inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

Tibialis anterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of supporting cells in the nervous system?

Support and protect neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system?

Afferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of supporting cells found in the central nervous system?

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Nissl's bodies in neurons?

They represent rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes unipolar neurons from other types of neurons?

They originate as bipolar cells during development Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic of multipolar neurons?

Multiple dendrites and a single axon Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for receiving signals?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Support and insulate axons Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting membrane potential of most neurons?

-70 to -90 mV Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion channels are opened in response to changes in the membrane potential?

Voltage-gated channels Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the 'All-or-None' phenomenon in action potentials?

Action potentials are generated only if a certain threshold is reached. Signup and view all the answers

Which ions primarily diffuse across the membrane during the action potential's depolarization phase?

Na+ and K+ Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse contains neurotransmitter junctions between neurons and muscles?

Neuromuscular junctions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Na+-K+ pump in neurons?

To maintain ion concentration gradients across the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of saltatory propagation on the conduction of action potentials?

It allows action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier, increasing conduction speed. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the absolute refractory period?

No action potentials can be generated regardless of the stimulus strength. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional classification of joints that allows for the most movement?

Diarthroses Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in promoting bone growth by stimulating osteoblast activity?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cartilage is primarily found at the ends of long bones and provides a smooth surface for joint movement?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the vertebra allows for articulation with other vertebrae?

Articular processes Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from a deficit of vitamin D, affecting bone mineralization?

Osteomalacia Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is characterized by a cylindrical bone rotating within a ring formed by another bone and a ligament?

Pivot joint Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeletal muscle fiber is primarily involved in endurance activities?

Slow-twitch fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the mandible during chewing?

Temporalis Signup and view all the answers

Which protein interacts with actin to allow muscle contraction?

Tropomyosin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

Expose binding sites on actin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fibers is characterized by high endurance and slow contraction?

Red muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which contraction type involves a change in muscle length?

Isotonic contraction Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to an autoimmune attack on receptors at the neuromuscular junction?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of muscle contraction is rigor mortis most likely to occur?

Contraction phase Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is considered the prime mover of breathing during inspiration?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is not included in the muscle proteins listed?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Ca2+ in muscle contraction?

Triggering the interaction between actin and myosin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle fiber is primarily responsible for endurance activities?

Red muscle fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is classified as a prime mover of breathing?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What best describes isometric contractions?

Tension increases without changing muscle length Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is primarily responsible for moving the arm at the shoulder?

Pectoralis major and minor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated, while skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an autoimmune response leading to muscle weakness?

Myasthenia gravis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in the intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone decreases bone resorption and helps maintain bone density?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that connects muscle to bone?

Tendon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?

They contain synovial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is classified as cardiac muscle?

Heart muscle Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone development occurs from a cartilage model?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a function of the skeletal system?

Protection of internal organs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intervertebral Discs

Cushion-like pads between vertebrae
Composed of two parts:
- Inner semifluid nucleosus pulposus provides elasticity and compressibility
- Outer annulus fibrosus is a strong collar made of collagen and fibrocartilage
  - Holds vertebrae together
  - Resists tension
  - Allows spinal movement
Herniated disc:
- Annulus fibrosus ruptures
- Nucleosus pulposus protrudes
- Protrusion can compress spinal cord or nerve roots, causing pain

Vertebrae

Each vertebra consists of:
- Body (centrum)
- Vertebral (neural) arch
- Several processes
Cervical vertebrae:
- Atlas: No body (centrum)
- Axis: Dens or odontoid process
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccyx vertebrae

Hyoid Bone

Does not articulate with any other bone
Suspended in the neck by muscles and ligaments
Supports the tongue

Thorax

Sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages form the bony framework of the thorax
Ribs:
- True ribs: Connect directly to the sternum
- False ribs: Connect indirectly to the sternum
- Floating ribs: No sternal connection

Paranasal Sinuses

Cavities in skull bones that communicate with the nasal cavity
Lined by mucous membranes
Functions:
- Lighten the skull
- Resonating chambers for speech
Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinus membranes due to infection or allergy
Cleft palate and cleft lip:
- Result from lack of fusion of palatine and maxillary bones during fetal development

Vertebral Column

Distributed into five regions:
- Cervical vertebrae
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx

Curvatures

Provide strength, support, and balance to the vertebral column
Primary curvatures: Thoracic and sacral
Secondary curvatures: Cervical and lumbar
Abnormal curves can lead to conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis

Cranial Fossae

Depressions on the internal surface of the skull
Anterior fossa:
- Houses the frontal lobes of the brain
- Made up of frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Middle fossa:
- Houses the temporal lobes of the brain
- Made up of sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones
Posterior fossa:
- Houses the cerebellum and brainstem
- Made up of temporal and occipital bones

Sutures

Immovable joints found only between skull bones
Types:
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
Tiny "Wormian" bones can be found within sutures, particularly in the lambdoid suture
Represent additional ossification centers in the expanding fetal skull
Craniosynostoses: Premature fusion of skull sutures

Fontanels

Spaces between the cranial bones in fetuses and infants
Major fontanels:
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Sphenoidal (anterolateral)
- Mastoid (posterolateral)
Functions:
- Allow the fetal skull to compress during birth
- Permit rapid brain growth during infancy

Skeletal Muscle

Responsible for movement, posture, stabilization, heat generation
Consists of muscle fibers (cells) with multiple nuclei
Contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue
Origin: Attached to an immovable bone
Insertion: Attached to a movable bone
Direct attachment: Epimysium fused to bone
Indirect attachment: Via tendons, aponeurosis, or a fibrous raphe
Muscle fibers: Single, multinucleated cells with a sarcolemma (plasma membrane)

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure

Endomysium: Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Perimysium: Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
Epimysium: Surrounds the entire muscle
Deep fascia: Connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, and other structures
Superficial fascia (hypodermis): Subcutaneous layer that connects skin to muscle

Sarcomere Structure

Myofibril: Made up of myofilaments
Thin filaments: Primarily composed of actin
Thick filaments: Primarily composed of myosin
Sarcomere: The functional unit of a muscle fiber
I-band: Contains only thin filaments
A-band: Contains both thin and thick filaments
Z-disc: Anchors thin filaments and separates sarcomeres
H-zone: Region within the A-band that contains only thick filaments
M-line: Middle of the H-zone, where thick filaments are linked

Muscle Proteins

Actin: Forms thin filaments
Myosin: Forms thick filaments
Tropomyosin: Covers the myosin binding sites on actin filaments
Troponin:
- TnT binds to tropomyosin
- TnC binds calcium ions
- TnI binds to actin
Titin: Elastic protein that holds thick filaments in place
Actinin: Non-elastic protein that anchors thin filaments to the Z-disk
Dystrophin: Links cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix
Myosin binding protein C: In heart, regulates cross-bridge formation

Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament theory: Myofilaments slide past each other, causing muscle shortening
Neuromuscular junction: Where a nerve fiber meets a muscle fiber
Acetylcholine (ACh): Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
Calcium ions: Released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Network of membranous channels that surrounds myofibrils
Cross-bridge formation: Myosin heads bind to actin filaments

Graded Muscle Contractions

All-or-none principle: A muscle fiber contracts fully or not at all
Muscle twitch: A single, brief contraction in response to a stimulus
Summation: Increased force of contraction due to increased frequency of stimulation
Tetanus: Smooth, sustained contraction due to very high stimulation rates
Fatigue: Loss of ability to contract due to prolonged stimulation

Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic: Muscle length changes, tension remains constant
Isometric: Muscle length stays constant, tension increases

Cardiac Muscle

Found in the heart
Striated with sarcomeres
Involuntary: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Intercalated discs: Specialized junctions that connect cardiac muscle cells

Smooth Muscle

Found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., blood vessels, digestive tract)
Non-striated: No sarcomeres
Involuntary: Controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Dense bodies: Anchor thin filaments and allow for contraction in three dimensions
Calcium ions: Needed for contraction, enter from extracellular fluid

Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disease that affects acetylcholine receptors
Causes muscle weakness
Affects muscles of the eyes, face, and limbs

Human Muscular System

The human body has more than 600 skeletal muscles.
Muscles are named based on location, size, shape, fiber direction, number of origins, action, and origin/insertion.
Muscles are grouped based on their location and function.

Muscles of the Face and Head

Epicranius (occipito-frontalis): Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead.
Orbicularis oculi: Closes eyes, helps blink and squint.
Orbicularis oris: Closes and protrudes lips, helps in kissing and whistling.
Zygomaticus major and minor: Elevates corners of mouth, helps in smiling.
Mentalis: Protrudes the lower lip, helps in expressing doubt.
Platysma: Depresses mandible and pulls mouth corners down, helps in frowning.
Masseter: Elevates the mandible, helps in chewing.
Temporalis: Elevates and retracts the mandible, helps in chewing.
Buccinator: Compresses cheeks, helps in sucking and blowing.
Sternocleidomastoid: Rotates and flexes the head, helps in turning head sideways.
Digastric: Depresses the mandible, helps in opening the mouth.
Stylohyoid: Elevates the hyoid bone, helps in swallowing.

Muscles of the Anterior Trunk

Pectoralis major: Adducts, flexes, and rotates the arm medially.
Deltoid: Abducts, flexes, and extends the arm.
Serratus anterior: Protracts and rotates the scapula.
Pectoralis minor: Depresses and protracts the scapula.
Biceps brachii: Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Brachioradialis: Flexes the elbow, helps in rotating the forearm.

Muscles of the Posterior Trunk

Trapezius: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
Latissimus dorsi: Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially.
Triceps brachii: Extends the elbow.
Infraspinatus: Laterally rotates the arm.
Teres major: Extends, adducts, and rotates the arm medially.
Rhomboids: Retracts and elevates the scapula.

Muscles of the Wrist and Hand

Flexor carpi ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist.
Flexor digitorum superficiales: Flexes the middle phalanges of fingers 2-5.
Extensor digitorum: Extends the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5.
Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extends and adducts the wrist.

Muscles of the Abdomen

Rectus abdominis: Flexes the vertebral column.
External oblique: Rotates and flexes the vertebral column, helps in compressing the abdomen.
Internal oblique: Rotates and flexes the vertebral column, helps in compressing the abdomen.
Transversus abdominis: Compresses the abdomen.

Muscles of Respiration

External intercostals: Elevates the ribs, helps in inhalation.
Internal intercostals: Depresses the ribs, helps in exhalation.
Diaphragm: Flattens during contraction, helps in inhalation.

Muscles of the Anterior Thigh

Iliopsoas: Flexes the hip.
Sartorius: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip.
Gracilis: Adducts the hip.
Adductor longus: Adducts the hip.
Quadriceps femoris: Extends the knee.
- Rectus femoris: Extends the knee and flexes the hip.
- Vastus lateralis: Extends the knee.
- Vastus medialis: Extends the knee.
- Vastus intermedius: Extends the knee.

Muscles of the Posterior Thigh

Gluteus maximus: Extends, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip.
Hamstrings: Flex the knee and extend the hip.
- Biceps femoris: Flexes the knee and laterally rotates the leg.
- Semitendinosus: Flexes the knee and medially rotates the leg.
- Semimembranosus: Flexes the knee and medially rotates the leg.

Muscles of the Ankle and Foot

Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
Extensor digitorum longus: Extends the toes.
Flexor digitorum longus: Flexes the toes.
Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes the foot and flexes the knee.
Soleus: Plantar flexes the foot.

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Description

Test your knowledge on bone anatomy, including compact and spongy bone, and the processes of ossification. This quiz will cover key concepts such as osteons, canaliculi, and the differentiation of osteoblasts. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.