21st Literature PDF

21ST LITERATURE b. Transient- last only for a brief Etymology "litera"- Acquaintance with period of time letters c. Timeliness- they are relevant in Literature - writing formed with letters this era...

21ST LITERATURE b. Transient- last only for a brief Etymology "litera"- Acquaintance with period of time letters c. Timeliness- they are relevant in Literature - writing formed with letters this era 3. GENRE Literature a. Poetry- written in stanza Everything that has ever been b. Prose- written in form, essay written (broadest sense) FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE Building blocks of literature is Entertainment- consumed for letters one's sake of enjoyment It is beauty Social and Political Stance Moral - impart values to its Techinacal literature: scientific articles readers Creative literature: non-fiction and Ideology - philosophical stance fiction Cultural - traditions, folklore, arts Historical - serve as time capsule "Literature appeals to a man's Linguistics - study of language/ emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and expanding our vocabulary creative needs" (Garcia, 1993) "Literature is life" (Wipd & Stock, 2000; Educational - portray facets of Tan, 1991) life (human experience) It is a reproduction of a man's LITERARY STANDARDS experiences blended into one Universality harmonious expression Permanence- being studied over It mirrors life and over It depicts whats happening Intellectual value society Spiritual value - spiritual upliftment "Literature expresses the feelings of Suggestiveness people towards the society, Artistry - aesthetic sense/ appeal government (Hancock, 2006) through the style and form surrounding, felowmen, and Divine Style - writters technique Creator" BOTH ARTISTRY AND STYLE MOSTLY NATURE OF LITERATURE COME TOGETHER 1. FORM a. Oral- meant to be spoken (spoken poetry, song, dramatic poetry) b. Form- we use words, letters (written) 2. APPEAL a. Universality- appeals to everyone regardless of differences LITERARY GENRES AND ELEMENTS Usually involving superhuman Divisions of Literature abilities 1. PROSE- language of the mind 1.) AWIT Prosa - straightforward - a romance metrical tale of a. FICTION- mere imagination dodecasyllabic Short story 2. Corrido Fable - a martial or adventure metrical Myth tale of octosyllabic measure Legend (explains origin of a 3. Ballad place) - narrative and lyrical Tale (Folktale, Fairytale) - A narrative poem which depicts Novel- long prose, characters & a single incident transpired in a plot is usually divided into person's life chapters 4.) Ode Novella- longer than a short story - an elaborately structured poem (also known as novelette) that alorifies a person or an event Allegory- didactics (mean to 5. Elegy teach moral) - a mournful/sad lyric poem (Fable - use animals as characters and Eulogy Parable-use human as characters) - speech for funeral b. NON-FICTION - reality, what really 6.) Song happened (backed up by scientific - a lyric poem with various theme studies) 7.) Sonnet Biography- life of an individual - strictly has 154 lines written by someone else - lambic pentameter (5 pairs of Autobiography- story of a person stressed and unstressed syllables) written by that person 8.) Idyll/pastoral poetry Essay (personal & formal) - explores mundane life Speech (manuscript) - rural/ ordinary/ typical Journal/ diary b. DRAMATIC - a subdivision of poetry Publication which features poems meant to be History performed on stage 2. POETRY- Language of heart 1.) Comedy Poeisis - creating - similar with tragedy except for the hero triumphs and overcomes 2.) Tragedy TYPES OF POETRY - features a hero which hubris or a. NARRATIVE- tells/ narrates a story shortcoming eventually causes Epic- lengthy poetry, articulates his downfall or defeat often the struggles and story of a ending into a very sad conclusion character 3. Melodrama - central character in the story - combination of comedy and - Called the hero when he tragedy embodies certainnoble ideas of 4.) Dramatic monologue a man - written in the form of speech of Antagonist an individual character - the character or force 5.) Farce againstwhich the protagonist is - short comedy (exaggerated) pitted.(may be another 6. Social play character, society, nature, or one - tackles social issues and side of the character that battles) problems Fringe ELEMENTS OF FICTION - one destroyed by his inner 1. Methods of characterization conflict a. Direct or Expository method- the 3. Minor/ Supporting Characters author describe the characters Confidant withi straightforward enumeration - a character to whom the of traits protagonist or another character b. Indirect or Dramatic Method- the reveals his reflections or hopes author describing action of Foil characters - a character who provides a CHARACTERS striking contrast to another - These are people or sometimes character animals who participate in the Stock/ Type actionof a literaru work - a character who shows qualities Kinds of characters that can be part of a national, social, or portrayed: occupational group to which he belongs 1. According to fullness of development: PLOT Round character/Dynamic - sequence of interrelated actions - there is a change in the and events in the story. It is characters attitude (character considered the framework of a who is three-dimensional; story. complex, with more than one characteristic) Flat character/Static TYPES OF PLOT - attitude does not change 1. Linear (character who is simply 2. Non-linear depicted; stock) 3. Cliff-hanger 2. According to roles played: Major characters - those that make important decisions Protagonist PARTS OF PLOT a. First Person- supporting character in Exposition/Introduction the story, not the main character a. Setting of the story b. Second Person- uses the pronoun b. Introduces the main characters "you". c. What tok place before the actual Reader directly involved in the story start of the story c. Third Person- one character limit, the d. Gives the situation of which the narrator only knows the character conflict develops knows Complication/Rising action - d. Omniscient- all knowing/knows related to the conflict to be everything solved. ELEMENTS OF POETRY Conflict 1. Sense - clash of forces in the story diction - choice of words Internal Images and sense impression- use - with the forces within characters of words to create a mental picture External Figures of speech - with the forces outside the 2. Structure/Form characters/natural, social, or - arrangement of words and lines both organization of the parts to form Interpersonal a whole - occur when two or more people 3. Sound disagree about something Tone, rhythm, meter, rhyme Climax/Turning point - highest scheme point interest of the story 4. Imagery and Theme Resolution/Falling action- conflict is MODERN GENRES OF LITERATURE solved Literary Joumalism (journalistic Conclusion/End/Denovement- writing) action ends in either Testimony (issues on success/failure. marginalization) Flash Fiction (brevity) PLOT DEVICES Textula (modernized tanaga) Flashbacks (mobile text + poem) Foreshadowing Fliptop/Rap battle (poetry + rap + Suspense DJ + break dance) Allusion Blog (web + log) Symbolism/semiotic Photographic essay Image - how vivid description is Graphic Novel/Illustrated Novel Theme - subliminal message (doodle art) Digital Media Text Point of view - narrative method Spoken Word Poetry Manga  Invictus - latin word for CRITICISM invincible/inconquerable LITERARY THEORIES/APPROACHES USED IN LITERARY CRITICISMS 3. HISTORICISM/ HISTORICAL APPROACH LITERARY CRITICISM - Examines the historical accounts - Practice of studying, evaluating and societal circumstances from (examining, analyzing, or which literature is produced critiquing) and interpreting Ex. Tale of two cities by Charles Dickens, literary works Noli Me Tangere and El Felibusterismo by LITERARY APPROACHES/CRITICAL Dr. Jose Rizal APPROACHES - are different perspective we use 4. MARXISIM/ MARXIST CRITICISM to examine how literary texts - Examines literature to see how it reflect the ideas, beliefs, and reflects the way in which attitudes of the time in which dominant group (typically the they were created. majority) exploit the subordinate DIFFERENT LITERARY APPROACHES groups (typicall, the minority) 1. FORMALISM/ NEW CRITICISM - People become alienated/ - emphasizes the form of literary isolated from another work to determine its meaning, a. The Aristocrac focusing on literary elements b. Bourgeois denies the impact of reader's c. The Proletariat personal experience Ex. The hunger games and Snow White Ex. My father goes to court by Carlos 5. FEMINIST CRITICISM/ FEMINISM Bulosan, The road not taken by Robert - How women are represented in Frost literature A feminism's critique of male power and 2. BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH/ ideology TRADITIONAL APPROACH - Try to connect the life of the FEMALE IMAGES author to the literary piece 1. AMAZON FEMINISM - typical strong - Argues that we must take an strength author's life and background into 2. ECOFEMINISM - material instinct/ living account a sustainable life a. facts/experience 3. MATERIAL FEMINISM - balance b. struggles/ difference household & careers c. Preoccupation 4. SEPARATIST FEMINISM - strong Years, significant author's life, independent woman that can survive circumstances, characters, without the help of others representative Ex. A thousand Splendid Suns by Kite Ex. Tears in heaven by Eric Clapton Runner (dedicated to his 4 year-old boy named The game of Thrones by George Martin Conor, who died on March 20, 1991) 6. READER-RESPONSE THEORY Sheldon and My sisters Keeper by Jodi - No wrong interpretations Picoult - Readers from different 10. PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH generations & different time - "Moralistic approach* periods interpret text differently - Focuses on views of the world, - Subjective moral statements, and other - Based on readers' experiences or philosophical viewpoint belief Ex. Squid Game Ex. Six word short stories: 11. ARCHETYPAL THEORY 1. For sale: baby shoes, never worn by - the interpretation of a text based Ernest Hemingway on the archetypes that appear 2. Longed for him, Got him, Shit by time and time again in a wide Margaret Atwood variety of literature 7. QUEER THEORY - Assumes that there is a collection - Studies of representation of gay, of symbols, images, characters, lesbian, transgender, transexual, and motifs and the "others" in literature a. Archetypes - a universally - Highlights the voice of LGBTQIA+ understood symbol or text in literature Serpent - evil Ex. Brokeback Mountain Seven - perfection 8. SEMIOTICS/SEMIOLOGY Archetypal women- good - Focus on symbols mother, terrible mother, and the - Examines the symbolisms soulmate (such as Virgin Mary) Signifier - objects itself Signified - what it represents Ex. Inferno by Dan Brown SIGNIFIER Rose SINIFIED Romance, passion 9. PYSCHOLOGICAL APPROACH - Reflects the effect - Explores the psychological motivations of the characters or authors - Explore the characters id, ego, and superego - Unresolved conflict by characters/traumatic experiences - Inner conflict potentially hurt the character Ex. Tell me your dreams by Sidney