Philippine Literature PDF

**Philippine Literature** It comes from the Greek word litera, meaning letter. It refers to timeless imaginative writings that deal with life and human experiences in language. It shows experiences which communicate statement Its function is not to tell us about experience but to through...

**Philippine Literature** It comes from the Greek word litera, meaning letter. It refers to timeless imaginative writings that deal with life and human experiences in language. It shows experiences which communicate statement Its function is not to tell us about experience but to through the participate in it allow imagination us to To bring us a sense and a perception of life To widen and sharpen our contact with existence **TYPES** **PROSE** Is a discourse which uses sentences and paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions. POETRY Refers to writings in verse, with rhythm and rhyme and characterized by melodious tone. **Division** FICTION -it portrays imaginary people caught in imaginary situations -it is usually read for pleasure -intended to expand and refine our life -quicken our senses NON-FICTION Gives actual facts and information -it is not invented or Make up **PROSE** **Short story-** it focuses on a single main incident and is usually read in one sitting. **Novel-**long narrative prose divided into chapters. **Legend-**it talks about origins **Myth-**deals with the stories about gods and goddesses Chronicle-a historical account of facts or events in the order of time. It is detailed but without analysis or interpretation. Biography-records the facts and events of a person\'s life that is written by another person. Autobiography-deals with facts and events of a person life written by himself Essay- a critical literary composition about a topic or subject from a limited often personal point of view. News- an account of everyday events in society, government, science or industry. Oration-a formal treatment of a subject and is intended for the delivery in public. Play- also called drama, it is written to be performed on stage. Diary-it is the daily record of events and experiences in the author\'s life. **POETRY** **Narrative** It is a poetry that tells a story. **Dramatic** It is meant to be performed on stage. **Lyric** A kind of poetry that is intended to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre. **21^ST^ CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD** **Philippine Literature during the Pre Colonial Period** **RELIGION** They believe in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable of helping or harming human interests. They could be addressed in particular objects, such as stones or posts, which some early peoples would set up in likely places. The few personally venerated spirits (or gods) were identified with thunder, sun, moon, hunting, childbirth, and the winds. Evil spirits might be incarnate in animal or monstrous forms and could cause disease or other misfortune. **ESTABLISHED FORM OF GOVERNMENT** The early Filipinos had an established form of government called Barangay. These small communities form alliances with neighboring communities to sustain power. B**AYBAYIN** The writing system of ancient Filipinos. It is an alphabet belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts. It was widely used in Luzon and other parts of the Philippines during the 16th and 17th centuries before being supplanted by the Latin alphabet. **THE BARTER SYSTEM** Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521, the Filipinos had established trade relations with neighboring lands like China, Java, Borneo, Thailand and other settlements. The Philippines is naturally rich in gold, making possible the availability of local gold coinage called piloncitos. The original silver currency unit was the rupee or rupiah (known locally as salapi), brought over by trade with India and Indonesia. **GENDER ROLES** Pre-colonial societies defined gender roles according to social functions. The \"male\" powers of differentiation and stability and the \"female\" powers of integration and transformation were equally important. Moreover, there was no superior gender. **BABAYLAN** Babaylans were shamans of the various ethnic groups specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the spirits of the dead and the spirits of nature. They were believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (anito or diwata) and the spirit world. Their primary role were as mediums during pag-anito séance rituals. There were also various subtypes of babaylan specializing in the arts of healing and herbalism, divination, and sorcery. **BABAYLANES** Fray Domingo Perez, OP. noted in 1609-1616 in Zambales \"The priest called the bayoc\" who dresses like a woman, and The Boxer Codex (written in 1595) noted a similar occurrence in the Tagalog region, \"They are so effeminate that one who did not know them would believe that they were women.\" **What are the forms of literature during the Pre- Colonial Period?** **EPICS** They are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Usually it is chanted or sung during multiple occasions. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish. **LEGENDS** Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. **MYTHS** These are stories that make use of gods, goddesses, and other fantastical creatures as characters. These became a means for our ancestors to explain the occurrence of supernatural events, the beginning of cultural traditions, and the existence of mysteries. A myth may also attempt to explain the origin of the world and of the people. **BATHALA** a.k.a Abba \"Maykapal sa lahat\" Siya ang tagapag-likha ng mundo at tagapag-subaybay ng sangkatauhan. Strikto siya sa kanyang mga batas ngunit galante sa mga sumusunod sa kanya. **\"Bahala na!\"** ang paboritong sabihin ng mga taong asa lagi sa biyaya ni Bathala. **FOLKTALES** Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. **FOLK SONGS** It is one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These ranges from courtship songs or serenades (harana), lyrics for unrequited love (kundiman) to lullabies (Oyayi). **PROVERBS** These are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life which are usually written in a rhyming scheme. These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors. **RIDDLES** These are usually questions or statements intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity in ascertaining its answer or meaning, typically presented as a game. In the pre-colonial times, it is a way of entertainment because it is used in a battle of wits, where locals young and old join and/or watch to see who is the smartest. **What are the commonalities of these pre-colonial forms?** 1\. Соmmоn еxperiences of the community as a subject matter 2\. Communal authorship 3\. Formulaic repetitions 4\. Stereotyping of characters 5\. Regular rhythmic and musical patterns **Communal authorship** in literature refers to the collaborative process where multiple individuals contribute to the creation of a single literary work. This concept emphasizes the collective effort and shared creativity among writers, which can lead to diverse perspectives and richer narratives. The phrase \"formulaic repetitions\" typically refers to the use of set phrases or structures in writing or speech that are repeated in a predictable manner. This can occur in various contexts, such as poetry, prose, or even in everyday conversation. Formulaic repetitions can serve different purposes, such as creating rhythm, emphasizing a point, or making language more accessible. **Stereotyping of characters** refers to the oversimplified and generalized representations of individuals or groups in literature, media, and other forms of storytelling. These representations often rely on preconceived notions about traits, behaviors, and roles associated with particular demographics, such as race, gender, age, or occupation. Stereotypes can lead to a lack of depth in character development, as they may reduce complex individuals to a single characteristic or trait, ultimately perpetuating misconceptions and biases In literature and film, characters may be portrayed in ways that align with societal stereotypes, which can reinforce harmful narratives. For example, the \"damsel in distress\" trope often portrays women as helpless and reliant on male characters for rescue, while the \"angry Black man\" stereotype may depict Black males as aggressive and violent. These portrayals can have real-world implications, influencing audience perceptions and contributing to systemic discrimination. **Philippine Literature during the Pre-Colonial Period** 1\. \"Biag ni Lam-ang\" 2\. \"Ang Kwento ni Juan Tamad\" 3\. \"May pakpak ang balita, may tainga ang lupa.\" 4\. \"Heto na si Kaka, bubuka-bukaka\" 5\. \"Hinilawod\" 6\. \"Sa Ugoy ng Duyan\" 7\. \"Ang sakit sa kalingkinan ay ramdan ng buong katawan.\" 8\. \"Hudhod at Alim\" 9\. \"Si Pagong at Matsing\" 10\. \"Sitsiritsit Alibangbang\" **Chapter 1** **Introduction to the Study of Literature** Definition of Literature: The word literature is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter. It has been defined differently by various writers. Some loosely interpret literature as any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet. Others define literature as a faithful reproduction of man\'s manifold experiences blended into one harmonious expression. Because literature deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story of man. Man\'s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in beautiful language is literature. In order to know the history of a nation\'s spirit, one must read its literature. Hence it is, that to understand the real spirit of a nation, one must \"trace the little rills as they course along down the ages, broadening and deepening into the great ocean of thought which men of the present source are presently exploring.\" Brother Azurin, said that \"literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to the government, to his surroundings, to his fellowmen and to his Divine Creator.\" The expression of one\'s feelings, according to him, may be through love, sorrow, happiness, hatred, anger, pity, contempt, or revenge. For Webster, literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of one\'s imagination. In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says that \"true literature is a piece of written work which is undying. It expresses the feelings and emotions of people in response to his everyday efforts to live, to be happy n his environment and, after struggles, to reach his Creator.\" **Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature** We study literature so that we can better appreciate our literary heritage. We cannot appreciate something that we do not understand. Through ugh a study of our literature, we can trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us from our forefathers. Then we can understand ourselves better and take pride in being a Filipino. Like other races of the world, we need to understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other cultures. Through such a study, we will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome them. Above all, as Filipinos, who truly love and take pride in our own culture, we have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our country. **Time Frames of Philippine Literature in English** 1\. The Period of Re-orientation: 1898-1910 2\. Period of Imitation: 1910-1925 3\. Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-1941 4\. Japanese Period: 1941-1945 5\. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-1970 6\. Period of Activism: 1970-1972 7\. Period of the New Society: 1972-1981 8\. Period of the Third Republic: 1981-1985 9\. Contemporary Period: 1986 **Literature and History** Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of included a people are sure to be and these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature. History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written down, while history is made up of events that really happened. Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World. Among them are: 1\. The Bible or the Sacred Writings 2\. Koran 3\. The Iliad and the Odyssey 4\. The Mahabharata 5\. Canterbury Tales 6\. Uncle Tom\'s Cabin **General Types of Literature** Prose consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone. a\. Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories. b\. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. c\. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes. d\. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins. e\. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes. f\. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer\'s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. g\. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper. h\. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of others. i\. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not. j\. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience. There are three types of poetry and these are the following: **A. Narrative Poetry**. This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. The different varieties are: 1\. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control. 2\. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. 3\. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance. **B. Lyric Poetry**. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand. 1\. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. 2\. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea. These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean. 3\. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is death. 4\. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza. 5\. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life. 6\. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. 7\. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat. **C. Dramatic Poetry** 1\. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term \"komos\" meaning festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy ending. 2\. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character. 3\. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy. 4\. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd. 5\. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.