21st Century Literature From The Philippines and the World Finals Reviewer PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Finals Reviewer where a writer or a group of writers share LESSON 13: TEXTULA , BLOG, AND CHICK their views on an individual subject. LIT...

21ST Finals Reviewer LESSON 13: TEXTULA , BLOG, AND CHICK LIT Textula - These are Entire poems that are written and read on mobile phones. Text tula or Textula employs communication technology in the sharing of tanaga. The tanaga consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each. The end of the lines are marked with /. This is due to being written on mobile phones. Smartphones are just starting when textula are a thing. Textula uses the following rhyme schemes: The Basic or AAAA Rhyme Scheme - This means it uses the same rhyme for each line. The Enclosed or ABBA Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. inipit in Filipino) - This means that the first and last line has the same rhyme, while the two middle lines have the same rhyme. The Alternate or ABAB Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. salitan in Filipino) - This means that rhymes alternate. AABB Rhyme Scheme sunuran in Filipino) - This means that the first and second line has the same rhyme and the third and the fourth lines has the same rhyme but is different from the first and second lines. Blogs - a shortened version of “weblog”. is an online journal or informational website displaying information in reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a platform The genre became popular in the late 1990s, with chick lit titles topping bestseller lists and the creation of imprints entirely to chick lit. Chick lit critics generally agreed that British author Catherine Alliott’s The Old Girl Network (1994) was the start of the chick lit genre and the inspiration Fielding's Bridget Jones’s Diary (1996) which was wildly popular and is the “ur – text” of chick lit. Chick lit in the Philippine Context In the Philippine context chick lit tends to be looked upon by some of the older generation as trashy pocketbooks and novels that encourage young people to do “Young love”. Most Chick lit novels in the Philippines follow the “poor girl meets rich boy” trope or the “Good girl meets bad boy” trope. Examples of Chick lit Emma: by Jane Austen. the popular rich girl in town but has to handle her own love life. This novel has been turned into several films and even adapted for modern -day audiences as the movie Clueless, starring Alicia Silverstone. Memoirs of a Geisha: by Arthur Golden. This heart - breaking story about survival in 1930s Japan reveals the last days of the sometimes cruel but mobilizing geisha culture in Kyoto. Most of Wattpad novels written during 2006 - Present. is a blanket term for the stories that take place beyond our known world. Genres of Speculative Fiction Speculative fiction is a broad category of fiction encompassing genres with certain elements that do not exist in the real world, often in the context of supernatural, futuristic or other imaginative themes. Fantasy Includes elements and beings originating from or inspired by traditional stories, such as mythical creatures (dragons, elves, dwarves and fairies, for example), magic, witchcraft, potions, etc. The Lord of the Rings, The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter, A Song of Ice and Fire, How to Train Your Dragon. Sub-Genres Of Speculative Fiction Science Fiction - stories with imagined technologies that don't exist in the real world, like time travel, aliens, and robots. Sci-Fi Fantasy Fiction - inspired by mythology, folklore, and fairy tales that combine imagined technologies with elements of magical realism. Supernatural Fiction - about secret knowledge or hidden abilities including witchcraft, spiritualism, and psychic abilities Space Opera Fiction - a play on the term "soap opera," sci-fi stories that take place in outer space and center around conflict, romance, and adventure. Dystopian Fiction - stories about societies deemed problematic within the world of the novel, often satirizing government rules, poverty, and oppression. magical might happen as part of everyday life. Fractured fairy tales (also parodies) Weird fiction LESSON 17: FLASH FICTION Flash Fiction - The typical definition of flash fiction is a short fiction story of under 1500 words, usually under 1000 words. The term is often used to describe short works or short casual works as well. There are also terms that define more specific word counts under 100 words, like drabbles (which are 100 words) or six-word stories (6 words). It is a very short story that includes beginning, middle, and a resolution. It is not a fragment. While flash fiction is written in pretty much any genre, popular genres include: romance, thrillers, horror, sci-fi, and fan fiction. Notable flash fiction include fables like Aesop’s Fables and classics from writers like Walt Whitman. Flash fiction stories tend to be published in anthologies, journals, and collections. History of Flash Fiction Flash fiction dates back to the time of fables and parables. The form was popularized in the nineteenth century by writers like Walt Whitman, Kate Chopin, and Ambrose Bierce. In the 1980s, Robert Shepard and James Thomas published a set of anthologies of flash fiction called Sudden Fiction, which spurred another resurgence of the form. Another highly anthology was Flash published in 1992 by W. W. Norton. Why study literature? Reading and studying Literature in very important for various reasons as outlined by (Shimmer Chinodya, 1992:36): 1. Literature improves your command of language 2. It teaches you about the life, cultures and experiences in other parts of the world. 3. It gives you information about other parts of the world which you may never be able to visit in your lifetime. 4. It entertains you and provides useful occupation in your free time. 5. It makes you a wiser and more experienced person by forcing you to judge, sympathize with, or criticize the characters about. 6. It gives information which may be useful in other subjects, for example, in Geography, Science, History, Social Studies, and so on. World Literature - Is considered in a global context. It suggests the sum total of the world’s national literature and also the circulation of work into the wider world beyond the origin. LITERARY PERIODS: Old English Literature (450 - 1100) - Also known as Anglo-Saxon Period - Most literature is oral. Three (3) Conquests: ✓ Different letters ✓ Different grammar(Why say so?) ✓ Different spelling (THEE - YOU) - have – haveth) Song of Beowulf Form of Essays are introduced ✓ Age of reason ✓ Age of Enlightenment ✓ Rise of the Novel and Journalism ✓ Age of Satire ✓ Age of Poetry The Romantic Period (1789 - 1837) ✓ Use of everyday language ✓ Imagination essential ✓ Overflowing emotions common ✓ Inspired by untamed nature and exotic far east ✓ Folk traditions and medieval tales of Knights ✓ Gothic novels Stories have Medieval period influential Famous for Gothic writings and Horror stories Themes of the stories are nature and innermost emotions Famous Works Dracula – Bram Stoker Pride & Prejudice, and Emma by Jane Austen Famous Authors Edgar Allan Poe (The Cask Of Amontillado) Jane Austen Bronte Sisters The Victorian Period (1837 - 1901) ✓ Queen Victoria ✓ Transition period ✓ Melancholic and Political poetry Free verse poetry is introduced Novels are introduced Prose Fiction is introduced Chinese literature is a vast subject that spans thousands of years. One of the interesting things about Chinese literature is that much of the serious literature was composed using a formal written language that is called Classical Chinese. It is known as "The Red Dragon". The best literature of the Yuan Dynasty era and the four novels that are considered the greatest classics are important exceptions. However, even during the Qing Dynasty of two hundred years ago, most writers composed in a literary stream that extended back about 2,400 years. They studied very ancient writings in more or less the original written language. This large breadth of time with so many writers living in various eras and countries makes Chinese literature complex. Chinese literary works include fiction, philosophical and religious works, poetry, and scientific writings. The grammar of the written Classical Language is different than the spoken languages of the past two thousand years. This written language was used by people of many different ethnic groups and countries during the Zhou, Qin, and Han eras spanning 1050 BC to 220 AD. After the Han Dynasty, the written language evolved as the spoken languages changed, but most writers still based their compositions on Classical Chinese. However, this written language wasn't the vernacular language vernacular Chinese rather than Classical Chinese. 2. Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en - The novel is based on the actual 7th-century pilgrimage of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang (602-664) to India in search of sacred texts. The story itself was already a part of Chinese folk and literary tradition in the form of colloquial stories, a poetic novelette, and a six-part drama when Wu Cheng'en formed it into his long and richly humorous novel. 3. Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong - this epic saga of the last days of the Han dynasty is a compilation of history and legend based on ancient storytelling traditions. With its gripping plot, distinctive heroes and villains, intricate intrigues, and spectacular battle scenes, Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a literary masterpiece. 4. Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan - in the 18th century that is generally considered to be the greatest of all Chinese novels and among the greatest in world literature. Japanese literature The "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan has an ancient culture and traditions. The first writing of literature in Japanese was occasioned by influence from China. The Japanese were still comparatively primitive and without writing when, in the first four centuries CE, knowledge of Chinese civilization gradually reached them. The body of written works produced by Japanese authors Japanese Poetry Man'yo-shů, "Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves") - is the oldest (c. 759) and greatest of the Imperial anthologies of Japanese poetry. Among the 4,500 poems are some from the 7th century and perhaps earlier. It was celebrated through the centuries for its "man võ" spirit, a simple freshness and sincere emotive power not seen later in more polished and stylized Japanese verse. History of Japanese Literature Japanese Literature is one of the major bodies of Oriental Literature. It is less voluminous than Chinese Literature but comparable to Arabic, Persian, and Indian Literature. It covers the period from the fifth century A.D. to the present. Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature and were often written in Classical Chinese Indian literature also influenced the spread of Buddhism in Japan. Eventually, Japanese literature developed into a separate style, although the influence of Chinese literature and Classical Chinese remained. Following Japan's reopening of its ports to Western trading and diplomacy in the 19th century. Best author and their works: Genre: Novel Fiction, Nonfiction, Poetry Hyangga - Korean writings were poems called hyangga. The hydrangea, also known as asaenaennorae, was written inidu, which is the Korean language written using Chinese characters. In hyangga, the Chinese characters are used to not only meanings but also the sounds of Old Korean in a technique known as hyangchal. The hyangga are the oldest examples of this form of writing. They may have developed from the earlier singa, songs sung by shamans during rituals. Composition Structure 1. Four-line Hyangga - four of the surviving hyangga have only four lines. 2. Eight-line Hyangga - There are three surviving hyangga which have two stanzas of four lines each. 3. Ten-line Hyangga - The remaining 18 hyangga are all then-line songs. History of Korean Literature The origins of Korean literature can be traced back to an Old Stone Age art form that combined dance, music, and literature. Originating in festival activities, this art form served the political function of unifying society. the religious function of identifying describing a supernatural power capable of averting calamity on earth, and the economic function of inspiring productive especially that related agriculture. The farming and work songs and the early forms of myth and narrative poetry that had their basis in the abundant harvests of the New Stone Age were probably transmitted orally; it is difficult to History of Vietnamese Literature Chinese influence on the written literature of Vietnam as its conquest of the country in the 2nd century BC. For nearly 2,000 years after that, most Vietnamese writing was in Chinese ideograms. In other words, to express themselves in writing, the Vietnamese had to use a writing system that represented their ideas but not their speech. Best author and their works: Genre: Epic Poetry, Poetry, Novel Historical fiction 1. The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du - Nguyen Du translated a Chinese novel, dating from the into Vietnamese poetry as Kim van Kieu (English translation by Huynh Sanh Thong. The Tale of Kieu: The Classic Vietnamese Verse Novel; 1973). As an exploration of the Buddhist doctrine of karmic retribution for individual sins, his poem expresses his personal suffering and deep humanism 2. Lament of the Soldier's Wife by Dang Tran Con - This classical poem is a masterpiece of Vietnam literature. 3. The Sorrow of War: A Novel of North Vietnam by Bao Ninh - In The Sorrow of War, Ninh provides an autobiographical account of his experiences, particularly during the period when he served in a unit tasked with the recovery of corpses. Bao Ninh's The Sorrow of War demonstrates the torture that American soldiers experienced with very little consideration of the the past, and portrayed a bitter marriage. 5. Footnote to Youth by José García Villa Indian literature - It is known as the "Land of Prayer" India is a vast land in southern Asia, extending from the Himalayan mountains south to the peninsula that reaches out into the Indian Ocean. - Writings of the Indian subcontinent produced there in a variety of vernacular languages, including Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Bengali, Bihari, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Lahnda, Siraiki, and Sindhi, among others, as well as in English. History of Indian Literature Dravians earliest people in India date back to 3000-2500B B.C towards 2000 B.C The earliest Indian literature took the form of the canonical Hindu writings, known as the Veda, which were written in Sanskrit. To the Veda were added commentaries such as the Brahmanas and the Upanishads. The production of Sanskrit literature extended from about 1500 BCE to about 1000 CE and reached its height of development 7th centuries CE. In addition to sacred and philosophical writings, such genres as erotic and devotional lyrics, court poetry, plays, and narrative folktales emerged. Sama Veda - also the Veda of Melodies and Chants, is the third of the four Hindu texts and the four Vedas. Commonly called the "Book of Songs, it is derived from two words, Saman, Sanskrit, meaning Song, and Veda, meaning knowledge. Atharva Veda - The fourth and final author of the Hindu dharma text, the Vedas, the Atharva Veda, in short, is represented as the "Atharvänas" archive formulas, spells aimed at combating disease and disaster, or "processes in everyday life." Best author and their works: Genre: Religious text, Fiction Epic Poetry, Poetry, Play, Fables, Poetry 1. Vedas-Vyasa compiler of Vedas - also called Krishna Dvaipayana or Vedavyasa, (flourished 1500 BCE), legendary Indian sage who is traditionally credited composing or compiling the Mahabharata, a collection of legendary and didactic poetry worked around a central heroic narrative. 2. Ramayana by Valmiki - Ramayana, (Sanskrit: "Rama's shorter of the two great epic poems of India. The Ramayana was composed in Sanskrit, probably not before 300 BCE, by the poet Valmiki and in its present form consists of some 24,000 couplets divided into seven books. 3. Mahabharata by -Dwaipayan Vyasa important source of information on the development of Hinduism between 400 BCE and 200 CE and is regarded by Hindus as both a text about dharma (Hindu moral law) united kingdom called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes who are usually known as Anglo- Saxons were the first Englishmen. The language spoken by them is called Old English which is the foundation of the English language and literature. Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon Old English literature was exclusively verse literature in oral form. There were two groups of Poetry in the Anglo-Saxon period: 1. Pagan Poetry represented by Beowulf 2. Religious Poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf. Anglo-Saxon Prose - Prose literature arrived later than poetry. It did show its appearance until the 8th century. Three famous prose writers: 1. Venerable Bede 2. Alfred the Great 3. Aelfric. Beowulf is the oldest poem in language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature and also the oldest surviving epic in the language. It consists of more than 3000 lines. The main stories in the poem are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. LITERARY PERIODS: Old English Literature (450-1100) - Encompasses literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England. view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Genre/Style: Pastoral and Mock-heroic Sample Literary Masterpiece: 1. Gulliver’s Travel (Travels into Several Remote 2. Nations of the World” by Jonathan Swift American Literature - is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies. During its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition linked to the broader tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition. LITERARY PERIODS: Puritan/Colonial (1650-1750) - Instructive and reinforces the authority of the Bible and church. Genre/Style: Sermons, diaries, personal narratives; Written in plain style Sample Literary Masterpiece: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" by Jonathan Edward Revolutionary/Age of Reason (1750-1800) - Patriotism grows; Instills pride; and Creates common agreement about issues; National mission and the American character. Sample Literary Masterpiece: “The Great Gatsby” by Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Postmodernism (1950 to Present) - Erodes distinctions between classes of people; Insists that values are not permanent but only "local" or "historical"; with nonfiction; blurs lines of reality for reader; Usually humorless Genre/Style: Narratives; Metafiction Magic realism Sample Literary Masterpiece: “The Death of a Salesman” by Arthur Miller LESSON 21: EUROPEAN LITERATURE European Literature Europe is one of the seven continents of the Earth. Also known as Western literature, this is the literature written in the context of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as several geographically or historically related languages. Indo-European languages, the parts of a common heritage belonging to a race of proud nations boast the likes of Homer who wrote the Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil who wrote the Aeneid, Dante who wrote the Divine Comedy, Chaucer who wrote the Canterbury Tales. These, and other literary masterpieces form part of what we call as Western Canon. The common literary heritage is essentially that originating in ancient Greece and Rome. It was preserved, transformed, and spread by Christianity and thus transmitted to the vernacular languages European Continent, the Western The Epic of Gilgamesh – the world’s oldest epic The Code of Hammurabi – the world’s first codified law The Book of the Dead – the compilation of Egyptian pantheon, rituals The Holy Bible – the sacred scriptures of Jews Iliad and Odyssey – the epics of Greece Metamorphoses – the compilation of Roman mythology and culture Aeneid – the Epic of Rome Medieval Literature - The Fall of the Roman Empire marked the beginning of the Medieval or Middle Ages. Also known as the Dark Ages, due to the prevailing conditions during this period, barbarian invasions and Muslim conquests marked this era. The popular books during this period include but are not limited to: King Arthur – Monmouth Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer History of British People – Venerable Bede Divine Comedy – Alighieri Dante Beowulf – Anglo-Saxon tradition Norse Mythology – Norse Tradition City of God – St. Augustine of Hippo Renaissance Literature - The term Renaissance (rebirth or revival) this period marked the reawakening of a new spirit of intellectual and artistic inquiry, which was the dominant feature of this political, religious, and philosophical phenomenon was essentially a revival of the spirit of ancient Greece and Rome. Iphigenie – Jean Racine Absalom – John Dryden The Tragedies – Shakespeare Don Quixote – Miguel De Cervantes Life is a Dream – Pedro Calderon Paradise Lost – John Milton 18th Century Literature - The 18th century was marked by two main impulses: reason and passion. The respect paid to reason was shown in pursuit of order, symmetry, decorum, and scientific knowledge. The cultivation of the feelings stimulated philanthropy, exaltation of personal relationships, religious fervor, and the cult of sentiment, or sensibility. Robinson Crusoe – Daniel Defoe A Tale of the Tub – Jonathan Swift An Essay on Understanding – Alexander Pope Encyclopedia – Denis Diderot Elegy written in a country churchyard – Thomas Gray Candide – Voltaire Social Contract Theory – Jean Jacques Rousseau Poems of Scottish Dialect – Robert Burns The Sorrows of Young Werther – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Jonson 19th Century Literature - The 19th century was one of the most vital and interesting periods of all. This period has special interest as the formative era from which many modern literary conditions and tendencies derived. Influences that had their origins or were in development in this period Romanticism, Symbolism, Realism. These were expanded into a political writers divided into those supporting political commitment in their those reacting conservatively a domination of art by politics. Some of the topnotch writers period include: Joseph Conrad – Heart of Darkness L. Frank Baum – Wizard of Oz Rudyard Kipling – Jungle Book Jack London – Call of the Wild Henry James – The Golden Bowl H.G. Wells – War of the Worlds Gertrude Stein – Three Lives Ezra Pound – Exultations D.H. Lawrence – The Trespasser Charles Dickens – A Tale of Two Cities Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock Holmes John Galsworthy – Quality James Joyce – Ulysses Virginia Woolf – Mrs. Dalloway T.S. Eliot – The Waste Land Aldous Huxley – Kangaroo Franz Kafka – Metamorphosis Ernest Hemingway – The Old Man and the Sea Samuel Beckett – Waiting for Godot CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject. The term is said to have come from the words “weblog” coined by John Barger in 1997 and then shortened to “blog” by Peter Merholz in 1999. The word “blogger” was later created in reference to the person with a blog. With the popularity of the internet, blogs constituted another avenue for the largely unrestricted flow of information and ideas. Blogs may be classified according to their purpose: Art blog - is one that posts artistic works. Photo blog - shows photographs. Music blog - discusses one or many musical genres. Educational blog - concerns itself with educational matters. Personal blog - shows one’s personal musings on a given topic or topics. Chick lit - Is a genre of fiction, which “consists of Female Centered narratives that focus on the trials and tribulations of (a.k.a. their individual protagonists”. The genre often addresses issues of modern womanhood – from romantic relationships to female friendships to matters in the workplace – in humorous and light - hearted ways. At its onset, chick lit protagonists tended to be “single, white, heterosexual, British and American women in their late twenties and early thirties, living in metropolitan areas”. LESSON 16: MAJOR GENRES: MAJOR GENRES: SPECULATIVE SPECULATIVE FICTION AND FLASH FICTION AND FLASH devoted FICTION Literature - is a body of work that can be written, oral, or visual, containing imaginative language that realistically portrays thought, emotions, and experiences of the human condition. for Helen Speculative Fiction - Speculative describes very risky and unproven ideas or chances. Fiction literature in the form of prose, especially short stories and novels, that describes imaginary events and people. Speculative fiction is a literary “super genre,” which encompasses a number of different genres of fiction, each with speculative elements that are based on conjecture and do not exist in the real world. Sometimes they are called “what- if” books; speculative literature changes the laws of what’s real or possible as we know them in our current society, and then speculates on the outcome. no idea how The History of Speculative Fiction The term “speculative fiction” was used for the first time by Robert Heinlein in 1947. The term was largely associated with only the science fiction genre in the late twentieth century, as science fiction is a widely-read genre that contains speculative elements. The term expanded in the twenty-first century to encompass more subgenres beyond just science fiction, like fantasy and dystopian literature. Today, speculative fiction Urban Fantasy - fantasy stories that take place in an urban setting in the real world but operate under magical rules. Utopian Fiction - stories about civilizations the authors deem to be perfect, ideal societies. Apocalyptic Fiction - stories that take place before and during a huge disaster Post-Apocalyptic Fiction - stories that take place after an apocalyptic event and focus on the survivors Superhero Fiction - examining the adventures, personalities and ethics of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes Alternate History Fiction - stories that focus on true historical events but are written as if they unfolded with different outcomes Key Takeaways Speculative fiction describes a world outside of our own and is a broad term to include genres like science-fiction and fantasy. Speculative fiction creates another world where future possible versions of life are explored. Typical types of speculative fiction include: Science-fiction may verge on the ‘fantastic’ but will still be based on a theory or evidence that such things might at some point be possible. Steampunk fiction involves technology that relies on coal and steam propulsion usually set against a Victorian/Edwardian background. Magic realism exists in a dislocated kind of reality where anything Categories of Flash Fiction Story Categories of Flash Fiction story With roots in folklore and collections like Grimms' Fairy Tales and Aesop's Fables, (very) short stories have been around for centuries. They fell out of fashion for a while, but recently came back in a big. Flash fiction: Max 1500 words. Sudden fiction: Max 750 words. Drabble, or microfiction: Max 10 0 words. Dribble, or minisaga: Max 50 words. Twitterature: Max 280 characters. Six-word story: Any story with a single-digit word count is category unto itself. Characteristics Of Flash Fiction: Brevity - Compresses an entire story into the space of a few paragraphs. There is no defined word count for flash fiction, but some commonly used word limits in flash fiction range from just six words on the short end to around 1,000 words on the longer end. A complete plot - Indeed a story, with a beginning, middle, and end. This sets it apart from a prose poem or vignette, which can explore an emotion, memory, or thought without a plot. Surprise - Great flash fiction often incorporates surprise, usually in the form of a twist ending or an unexpected last line. This is not a gimmick: the aim is to prompt the reader to think deeply about the true meaning of the story. influential Fiction, LESSON 18: INTRODUCTION TO WORLD LITERATURE Famous Works Beowulf Famous Authors Caedmon Cynewulf of people The Middle Eng. Literature (Medieval Period) ( 1150 - 1500) ✓ Bible Translations Stories are about kings and noble people. Focused on Chivalry, Romance & Religion Printing Press was invented by William Caxton (1476). you read Famous Works The Canterbury Tales Famous Authors Geoffrey Chaucer The Renaissance Literature (1500 - 1650) ✓ Old classics rediscovered ✓ Sonnet ✓ Elegy ✓ Pastoral country's The Golden Age of Literature Famous for the drama and Theatre Stories are about Religion and Faith Famous Author William Shakespeare The Restoration & 18th Century (Neoclassical Period) (1650 - 1789) Also known as “Enlightenment Period” Stories about science and logic Detective stories Children’s Literature is introduced Stories are about Revolution / Power / Social Famous Authors Emily Dickinson Charles Dickens Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning The Postmodern Age (1901 - present) ✓ Literature of this period exemplifies the improved crafts of masters. The novel has flourished and writers have risen not only to popularity but to distinction as well. Experimentation of subject matter, style, and form of writing. LESSON 19: ASIAN LITERATURE Asian literature is the literature produced in Asia. - is diverse in that it showcases a selection of styles and themes, but as it progressed over time, common ideas have been identified between the texts from the various regions of the Asian continent. Chinese Literature - China is the world's most populous country. China has been the dominant culture of East Asia since ancient times. The body of works written in Chinese include lyric poetry, historical and didactic writing, drama, and various forms of fiction. History of Chinese Literature Writing in China dates back to the hieroglyphs that were used in the Shang Dynasty of 1700-1050 BC. even two thousand years ago. The empires and groups of kingdoms of all these eras were composed of people speaking many different native languages. The Five Classics and Four Books were written in the written Classical Language: The Five Classics include: 1. The Book of Changes 2. The Classic of Poetry 3. The Record of Rites - was a recreation of the original Classic of Rites of Confucius that was lost in the Qin book purge 4. The Classic of History 5. The Spring and Autumn Annals - was mainly a historical record of Confucius native state of Lu. The Four Books include: 1. The Analects of Confucius - is a book of pithy sayings attributed to Confucius and recorded by his disciples 2. Mencius - is a collection of political dialogues attributed to Mencius 3. The Doctrine of the Mean 4. The Great Learning - that is a book about education, self-cultivation, and the Dao. Best author and their works: Genre: Novel Historical Fiction, Fantasy Fiction, Historical Fiction. Family Saga The Four Great Classical Novels: 1. Water Margin by Shi Nai'an - is a novel attributed to Shih Nai'an, Considered one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, the novel is written in in Japanese or, in its earliest beginnings, at a time when Japan had no written language, in the Chinese classical language. The earliest writings from Ancient Japan are: 1. The record of ancient matters in Kojiko (A.D. 712) 2. The chronicles of Japan or Nihongi (A.D. 720) Japanese Drama 1. Noh play Noh theatre - Noh also spelled No, traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world. Noh, its name derived from no, meaning "talent" or "skill" is unlike Western narrative drama. 2. Joruri or puppet play - Jöruri, in Japanese literature and music, is a type of chanted recitative that came to be used as a script in bunraku puppet drama. Its name derives from the Jõrurihime Monogatari, a 15th- century romantic tale, the leading character of which is Lady Jöruri. 3. Kabuki play - traditional japanese popular drama with singing and dancing performed in a highly stylized manner. A rich blend of music, dance, mime, and spectacular staging and costuming, it has been a major theatrical form in Japan for four centuries. The term kabuki originally suggested the unorthodox and shocking character of this art form. In modern Japanese, the word is written with three characters: ka, signifying "song" ; bu, "dance"; and ki, "skill" 1. The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu - however, differed in being (Japanese: informed by a comprehensive knowledge of Chinese and Japanese poetry and in being a graceful work of imaginative fiction. 2. The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon - is a fascinating, detailed account of Japanese court life in the eleventh century. Written by a lady of the court at the height of Heian culture, this book enthralls with its lively gossip, witty observations, and subtle impressions. 3. The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Matsuo Basho - This poetic travelogue, considered one of the greatest works of classical Japanese literature, was begun in 1689 when Bashō sold his home outside Edo (Tokyo) and traveled on foot to the remote northern provinces of Japan. Korean literature The English name Korea derives from "Goryeo", The name "Goryeo" is derived from "Goguryeo" one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea, which changed its name to Goryeo during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo. Early Korean literature was heavily influenced by Shamanism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The body of works written by Koreans, at first in Classical Chinese, later in various transcription systems using Chinese characters, and finally in Hangul (Korean: han gül; Hankul in the Yale romanization), the national alphabet. Biography Classical Works: find examples that have survived intact. Best author and their works: Genre: Poetry, Non-fiction represent Hyangga by Silla people under Silla dynasty during 668 B.C - was a form of poetical 'country song, distinct from contemporary Chinese songs, which were written in the Silla and Goryeo kingdoms of ancient Korea between the 7th and 10th century CE. The indigenous songs cover such topics as love, loss, and Buddhist devotion. Vietnamese Literature - was developed at an early date, despite the harsh trials of history in the form of repeated foreign invasion. Its characteristics remain. - Vietnamese literature includes two major components that have developed simultaneously and profoundly interrelated: Folk Literature and Written Literature. Folk Literature - was early introduced and had a profound effect on the spiritual life of the Vietnamese, Folk literature always praised beauty, humanism, and the love of and goodness, and contributed to the formation of a national sense. Legends, fairy tales, humorous stories, folk songs, and epics have tremendous vitality and have lived on activity, today. to Written Literature - First appeared around the 10th century. It had a leading role and bore the main traits of Vietnamese Literature. From the 10th century. Literary works were written in Han (classical Chinese) and Chữ Nôm. hardships and struggles of the Vietnamese people, is nearly as old Philippine Literature - withstood time and periods and has evolved through generations. For every period that passed, different genres appeared, and these literary works rooted in all regions reflecting their culture, society, and lifestyle History of Philippine History Philippine literature is literature; associated with the Philippines from prehistory, through its colonial legacies, and on to the present. Ming period, Best author and their works: Genre: Novel Fiction, Satire, Fiction Epic poetry, Short story fiction, Fiction 1. Noli Me Tangere by Dr. José Rizal (The Social Cancer) - a passionate exposure of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. 2. El filibusterismo by Dr. José Rizal (The Reign of Greed) - established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. 3. Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas - is written in a peculiar literary form known as Awit (lit. "Song") each stanza has four lines with 12 syllables each. This form is notorious for having oddly specific guidelines, notably "each line must contain a figure of speech and have a slight pause (known as a caesura) on every 6th syllable". 4. May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin - was a story about a man who forgot how he loved the woman that he loved in Sanskrit literature of India. The word "Sanskrit" means cultivated or perfected. Vedas the bible of the Indians. There are four Vedas: Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva Veda, all of which are collectively referred to as 'Chaturveda." tip of a great Each Veda is divided into four major types of text or four sections. The Samhita - the oldest known Vedas script, consists of translated words, hymns, prayers, and blessings combined or incorporating the other three texts: Aranyakas - who formed the philosophy after the traditional sacrifice. Brahmanas - which contain the meanings of songs from the four Vedas once. The Upanishads - which include discussions between teachers and students, clarify the philosophical message of the Vedas. sacred Rig Veda - is the oldest and most famous of the four Vedas. The two Sanskrit words prose Rig and Veda are translated as 'praise or glory' and 'knowledge' respectively. A collection of 1,028 songs and 10,600 verses are organized into ten different Mandalas (or books; Sanskrit). He is also the principal and oldest of the four Vedas. in the 1st to Yajur Veda - originally from Sanskrit, is composed of Yajus and Veda; both terms translate words devoted to reverence or respect for religion and knowledge. Third of the four Vedas, this set of rituals is known as a “book of rituals.” and a history (itihasa, literally "that's what happened"). 4. Shakuntala by Kalidasa - Taken from legend, the work tells of the seduction of the nymph Shakuntala by King Dushyanta, his rejection of the girl and his child, and their subsequent reunion in heaven. 5. Panchatantra by Vishnu Sharma - is an ancient collection of animal of Atharväņas ie., fables told in 300 BCE by Vishnu Sharma. It teaches us life lessons through engaging animal fables. Panchatantra has stories divided into 5 tantras or chapters. Each of these tantras has a main thread story that expands on the main theme of the tantra by including many sub-stories. 6. Gitanjali by Rabindranath Tagore - a collection of poetry, the most famous work by Rabindranath with Tagore, published in India in 1910. Tagore then translated it into prose poems in English, as Gitanjali: Song Offerings, and it was published in 1912 with an introduction by William Butler Yeats. Journey") LESSON 20: ANGLO-SAXONS LITERATURE Anglo - American Literature / Anglo - Saxons Literature - Are literary works under the influence of the British Empire and the early discovery of American Literature. It began in the late 450 years up to the present time. It is divided into different periods or eras; which correspond Krishna to the different characteristics, attributes, - is an values, and influences seen in each literary work. In the 5th century, they conquered Britain and settled down. In the 7th century, there are small kingdoms were combined into a Genre/Style: Epic poetry; Hagiography; Sermons; Bible Translations; Chronicles Sample Literary Masterpiece: Beowulf Middle English Literature(1100-1500) - In this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and Hagiographies were written, adapted, and translated. Literature: Genre/Style: Romance; Bible Translations Sample Literary Masterpiece: “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer English Renaissance(1500-1660) A. Elizabethan and Jacobean period (1558-1625) B. Late Renaissance(1625-1660) The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the 17th century. The Renaissance saw the rise of English theatrical drama, most notably William Shakespeare but also from authors such as Christopher Marlowe. Genre/Style: Vernacular Literature; Comedy; Tragedy the English Sample Literary Masterpieces: 1. Book of Common Prayer (ex. Bible); 2. Works of William Shakespeare (Ex. Romeo and Juliet) Neo-Classical Period: Restoration Age: (1660-1700) A. Augustan literature (1700-1750) B. Age of Sensibility: (1750-1798) The 18th-century literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason): a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular Genre/Style: Political pamphlets; Travel writing; Highly ornate style and Persuasive writing Sample Literary Masterpiece: “Poor Richard's Almanac” by Benjamin Franklin Romanticism (1800-1860) - Value feeling and intuition over reasoning; Journey away from the corruption of civilization and limits of rational thought toward the integrity of nature and freedom of the imagination Helped instill proper gender behavior in men and women. Genre/Style: Character sketches; Slave narratives; Poetry; Short stories begins as Sample Literary Masterpiece: "Rip Van Winkle” by Washington Irving and Poems of Walt Whitman Realism (1855-1900) (Period of Civil War and Postwar period) Social realism: aims to change a specific social problem Aesthetic realism: art that insists on detailing the world as one sees it Genre/Style: In novels and short stories and Objective narrator Sample Literary Masterpiece: “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain The Modernism (1900-1950) - In Pursuit of the American Dream; Admiration for America as land of Eden; Optimism and Importance of the Individual. Genre/Style: Novels ; Plays; Poetry (a great resurgence after deaths of Whitman & Dickinson); Use of interior monologue & stream of consciousness Hemisphere, and other regions that were settled by Europeans. To the present day, this body of writing displays a unity in its main features that sets it apart from the literature of the rest of the world. The languages may be varied due to Mixing fantasy geographical distances but they share a common sense of identity bound by a common sense of ancestry. and Some of the European languages include: Indo-European Family: Greek Latin Germanic Baltic Slavic Celtic Romance languages Eastern Mediterranean: Finnish Hungarian Semitic Like Ancient Literature - This covers the five ancient civilizations of Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, Greece, and Rome including the culture of the Israelites in Palestine— each came into contact with one or more of the others not necessarily in order but essentially by the influence each exerted over the others. The use of clay tablets and papyrus paper scrolls paved the way for the writing of the Holy Scriptures which is very much influential in European literature. Likewise, songs, poems, fables, anecdotes, and parables were all invented during this period. of the The popular books during this period include but are not limited to: In literature, this meant a new interest in and analysis of the great classical writers. Scholars searched for and translated lost ancient texts, whose dissemination was much helped by developments in printing in Europe from about 1450. Written short stories, novellas, and tales were born in this period. Johannes Gutenberg – invented the movable type printing press Desiderius Erasmus – initiated the Humanism Movement Martin Luther – initiated the Reformation in Europe Christopher Columbus – discovered the New World (the Americas) William Shakespeare - Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet Christopher Marlowe – wrote Doctor Faustus 17th Century Literature - The 17th century Geoffrey of was a period of unceasing disturbance and violent storms. The great question of the century, which confronted serious writers from… John Donne to John Dryden, was Michel de Montaigne’s What do I know? This includes the ascertainment of the grounds and relations of knowledge, faith, reason, and authority in religion, metaphysics, ethics, politics, economics, and natural science. Hence, this period is also known as the Age of Reason. Some monumental European masterpieces were written during this period including but not limited to: Discourse on Methods – Rene Descartes Pensées – Blaise Pascal Complete Essays – Francis Bacon Leviathan – Thomas Hobbes literary movements are reflected in the current modern literature, and many social William and economic characteristics of the 20th century were determined in the 19th. The literary giants who stood out during this period include: William Wordsworth – Lyrical Ballads Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Rime of the Ancient Mariner John Keats – Ode to Psyche Percy Bysshe Shelley – Ode to the West Wind Lord Byron – Don Juan Fyodor Dostoyevsky – Crime and Punishment Jane Austen – Sense and Sensibility Guy de Maupassant – The Diamond Necklace George Eliot – Middlemarch Charles Dickens – A Tale of Two Cities Thomas Hardy – Desperate Remedies Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace Anton Chekhov – Cherry Orchard Henrik Ibsen – Enemy of the People Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary Ivan Turgenev – Fathers and Sons Emile Zola – La Comedie Humaine 20th Century Literature - The 20th century features an interest in the unconscious and the irrational was reflected in their work and that of others of about this time. This period marked an increasing sense of crisis and urgency, doubts as to the 19th century’s faith in the psychological stability of the individual personality, and deep questioning of all philosophical or religious solutions to human problems. In – the 1930s these qualities of 20th- century thought were not abandoned but, rather, context, as writing and against such during this

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