21st Century Literature PDF

21st CENTURY LITERATURE – LITERARY PERIODS INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE 11 STEM – ROMANS ANCIENT LITERATURE (PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD,...

21st CENTURY LITERATURE – LITERARY PERIODS INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE 11 STEM – ROMANS ANCIENT LITERATURE (PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD, BC to 1564) WHAT IS LITERATURE? Oral in nature litera – “letter” which deals with ideas, thoughts, and They also came up with a writing system emotions of man; Literature is the story of a man. (BAYBAYIN) (Kahayon, 1998) Three (3) vowels and fourteen (14) consonants belles-lettres – French term that means “beautiful Written in barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo writing” (Baritugo et al., 2004) cylinders “Literature is our life’s story including its struggles, Passed on from father to son by word of mouth ideas, failures, sacrifices, and happiness.” (Ang, The longest period in Philippine literature 2006) TYPES OF PHILIPPINE ANCIENT LITERATURE Literature is not just a “reflection” of history but a ‘symbolic’ representation of human experience– that Epics is, it’s not only passively mirror history but actively o Biuag and Malana shape how we live it. o Hudhud ni Aliguyon (Song Harvest of Aliguyon HALLMARKS OF LITERATURE – recognizable o Indarapatra and Sulayman standards of great books (Garcia, 1993) Karunungang Bayan 1. artistry – quality in beauty sense o Riddles (Bugtong) - These are made up of 2. intellectual value – the thought in the text one or more measured lines and with a 3. suggestiveness – the emotions present in the story rhyme. These may consist of four to 12 4. spiritual value – the moral, lessons and values elevating the person’s spirit in the story whatever syllables. situation o Chants (Bulong) - These are used in 5. permanence – the endurance of the work, “timeless” witchcraft or enchantment. 6. universality – how the work is considered relatable to everyone, the work is for all o Epigrams (Salawikain)- These have been customarily used and served as laws or FUNCTIONS OF LITERATURE rules on good behavior by our ancestors. LITERATURE AS A FORM OF PLEASURE They impart lessons to the young. Form of Escape - experience a different world o Sawikain (Idioms) - These are sayings with vicariously, forget the demands of work figurative meaning. Aesthetic Satisfaction - pleasure in a well-constructed plot, vivid characterization, unusual imagery, o Kasabihan - These are sayings with no expressive language, poetic rhythm hidden meaning. LITERATURE AS A FORM OF ENGAGEMENT Folk Songs –contain the richness of the literary heritage of the pre-colonial Philippines. Most of Way of Interpreting the World - See order where them are composed of lines having 12 syllables. there is chaos, freedom where there is bondage actual life: world is a jumble of random objects and o Kundiman – song of love (Harana is the act events literature: world is a purposeful place of singing Kundiman) Way of Transforming the World - writers’ social o Kumintang/Tagumpay – song of war obligation: to wield the pen to change our imperfect o Dalit/Imno – song to the gods of the societies Visayans o Oyayi/Hele – lullaby WHAT IS THE VALUE OF READING LITERATURE, IF IT HAS ANY? o Diona – wedding song o Soliranin – song of laborers Through literature, we learn the innermost feelings o Talindaw – boatman’s song and thoughts of people – the most real part of Prehistoric Filipino Poems themselves, thus we gain an understanding not only o Ambahan - single rhyme, seven (7) syllables of others, but more importantly, of ourselves and of per line life itself. (Garcia, et al., 1993) SPANISH PERIOD (1565) Secular Drama o Karagatan - This is a poetic vehicle Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature celebrated during the death of a person. In o The first Filipino alphabet, alibata or this contest, a ritual is performed based on baybayin, was replaced by the Roman a legend about a princess who dropped her alphabet. ring in the middle of the sea and who o The teaching of the Christian doctrine offered her hand in marriage to anyone became a purpose in writing. As a result, who can retrieve it. periodicals gained a religious tone. o Duplo - It is played during wakes for the o The Spanish language became the literary dead. Several young men, the bilyako, put language, and it lent many of its words to up a defense of a charming woman, the our language. bilyaka, falsely accused and who ably o European legends and traditions became defends herself. A hari or punong halaman assimilated in our corridos, moro-moros, presides over the proceedings. and songs. o Zarzuela - This is a musical comedy or a o Ancient literature was collected, translated melodrama in three acts which dealt with to, and printed in Tagalog and other man’s passions and emotions like love, vernaculars. hate, revenge, cruelty, or political o Grammar books were printed in the problems. vernaculars. o Comedia - This draws its plot from The First Books medieval Spanish ballads about highborn o Ang Doctrina Cristiana - The first book warriors and their colorful adventures for printed in the Philippines in xylography love and fame, exemplifying the virtues of (the art of making woodcuts or wood engravings, religious piety and loyalty to the king. especially by a relatively primitive technique.). It Poetry was written by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. o Balagtasan - This is a contest of skills in Domingo Nieva. debate on a particular topic or issue. This o Nuestra Señora del Rosario - The second is held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas” book printed. It was written by Fr. Blancas Baltazar, Prince of Tagalog Poets. Among de San Jose and contains the biographies of the Ilocanos, it is called bukanegan after saints, novenas, questions, and answers on Bukaneg. Among the Kapampangans, it is religion. called crisotan, after Crisostomo Soto, o Ang Barlaan at Josephat - A Biblical story Father of Pampango Literature. printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1945) Borja o Ang Pasion - A book about the life and Philippine literature in Spanish was starting to lose sufferings of Jesus Christ, read only during its track on the first decade. Lent. The first Tagalog Pasion was written The poems of Fernando Ma. Guerrero (Crisalidas), by Gaspar Aquino de Belen. Balmori’s Se deshojo la Flor novel, and many others o Urbana at Feliza - A book containing the discussed revolution and sentiments for patriotism letters between two sisters Urbana and and reform proved that Philippine literature was Feliza prescribing proper behavior of used to claim freedom from the colonizers. people in society, especially women. It was Even if Philippine literature was in English, the written by Fr. Modesto de Castro, Father of preservation of the content for Filipino experiences Classic Prose. was achieved. Religious Drama Short story writers in English like Manuel Arguilla in o Cenaculo - This is a dramatic performance his “A Son is Born,” was one of the foundations of to commemorate the passion and death of the Philippine literature, not in Tagalog or in Jesus Christ. Spanish, but during this time, in English. Poetry in o Moro-Moro- This is performed during English was also founded. town fiestas to entertain the people and to Sarzuela was overpowered by English drama. remind them of their Christian religion. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) The plot involves a fight between Christians and Muslims. The latter are Between 1941-1945, Philippine Literature was always defeated and/or baptized. interrupted in its development when the Philippines was again conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a halt.  PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ON THE 21 CENTURY ST The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, (2001- PRESENT) and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Filipino writers continue to write poetry, short Three types of poems emerged during the Japanese stories, novellas, novels, and essay whether these are period: socially committed, gender/ethnic related or are o Haiku - It was made up of 17 syllables personal in intention or not. divided into three lines. The first line had 5 The Filipino writers have become more conscious syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the of their art with proliferation of writers’ workshop third, five. here and abroad and the bulk of literature available o Tanaga - like the Haiku, it is short but it via the mass media including internet. had measure and rhyme. Each line had 7 syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning. The new trends have been used and introduced to (the Filipino haiku) meet the need and taste of new generation. o Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) 21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete globally so as the style and PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) format of writing as well. New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces produced Poetry In English During This Period nowadays. o For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino and in English. The New Filipino Literature During This Period o Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. o Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits. o After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981. o The Philippines became a new nation and this; former President Marcos called “The New Republic of the Philippines. ” Filipino Poetry o Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. o Writers wrote openly of their criticism against the government. o The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting language. Filipino Songs o Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen. Children’s Books o Among the well-loved forms of writing which abounded during this period were those of children’s stories. o The Children’s Communication Center (CCC) directed by poet and writer Virgilio S. Almario already.