21ENG_Batch_O1201_Lecture_01_Evolution of computer systems.pdf

CO1201 Introduction to Computer Systems Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Sri Jayewardenepura By Dr. Randima Dinalankara 15th March 2022 1 Week 1: Evol...

CO1201 Introduction to Computer Systems Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Sri Jayewardenepura By Dr. Randima Dinalankara 15th March 2022 1 Week 1: Evolution of Computer systems Evolution of – Computer systems – Central Processing Unit (_____) – Memory Multicore, MICS, and GPU Embedded systems 2 Week 1: Evolution of Computer systems Evolution of – Computer systems – Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Memory Multicore, MICS, and GPU Embedded systems 3 Early days… Used hands to count Papers to do large calculations Simple calculators – Abacus 4 Need of a computer Large set of data Complex calculation Faster processing Automating process 5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS 6 First Generation Computers Use vacuum tubes picture from : wikipedia.org 7 First Generation Computers (cont.) ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer – Built in 1946 – John Mauchly and John Eckert 8 First Generation Computers (cont.) ENIAC – Capabilities 5000 additions per second Decimal number representation picture from : wikipedia.org 9 First generation computers (cont.) Disadvantages of ENIAC Manually programmed 18000 vacuum tubes 30 tons 1500 square feet / ~140m2 of floor area 140 kW 10 First generation computers (cont.) picture from : wikipedia.org 11 First generation computers (cont.) Von Neumann Machine picture from : wikipedia.org 12  First generation computers (cont.) Von Neumann Machine – Also known as IAS computer – Stored-program in memory 1000 storage location 40 bit signed binary numbers – Built in 1946 – Model for general-purpose computers IAS - Institute of Advance Study, Princeton, New Jursey 13  First generation computers (cont.) UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) – John Eckert and John Mauchly in 1947 – Matrix and statistical computation – First commercial computer 14 picture from : wikipedia.org First generation computers (cont.) UNIVAC II – 1950 – greater memory capacity – UNIVAC 1100 series – complex calculations picture from : wikipedia.org 15 First generation computers (cont.) UNIVAC II – 1950 – greater memory capacity – UNIVAC 1100 series – complex calculations – Backward compatibility 16  First generation computers (cont.) enters to the market – IBM 701 in 1952 – Electronic stored-program – Punch card based inputs picture from : wikipedia.org 17 2nd Generation computers Use transistors – Transistors were built in 1947 by Bell Labs. – Advantages Smaller Cheaper Less heat dissipation 18 2nd Generation computers (cont.) Used about 10000 transistors Introduced – More complex Arithmetic and Logical Units (____) – Control unit – System software – High-level programming languages 19  2nd Generation computers (cont.) PDP-1 – Introduced by DEC in 1957 – Mini computer phenomena picture from : wikipedia.org 20  2nd Generation computers (cont.) IBM 7094 picture from : wikipedia.org 21 2nd Generation computers (cont.) IBM 7094 – Increased memory ( 210 to 215) – Reduce memory access time (30µs to 1.4µs) – More instruction codes (24 to 185) – Introduce Data Chanel – Introduce Multiplexer 22 3rd Generation computers Use Integrated Circuits (ICs) – Integrated Transistors Resistors Capacitors to a one component – Small Scale Integration (SSI) 23 3rd Generation computers (cont.) Advantages of using ICs in computers 24 3rd Generation computers (cont.) Advantages of using ICs in computers – Smaller – Reduce the cost – Increase operating speed – Reduce power consumption – Reliable interconnections 25  3rd Generation computers (cont.) IBM System /360 – In 1964 – Features Smaller Increased speed Increased memory Increase I/O ports picture from : wikipedia.org 26 3rd Generation computers (cont.) PDP-8 – Developed by DED in 1964 – Fit to a lab bench – Can be integrated with another equipment 27 3rd Generation computers (cont.) PDP-8 – Developed by DED in 1964 – Fit to a lab bench – Can be integrated with another equipment 28 3rd Generation computers (cont.) PDP-8 – Introduced Omnibus 29 4th and later generations Use densely compacted ICs Name Description No. of components LSI Large Scale integration 1,000 VLSI Very Large Scale Integration 10,000 ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration 1,000,000,000 30 4th and later generations (cont.) Introduce Microprocessor – Intel 4004 First Microprocessor Developed by Intel in 1971 All components needed for CPU 4-bit – Intel 8008 By Intel in 1972 First 8-bit microprocessor 31 4th and later generations (cont.) Intel 8080 – General purpose microprocessor – 8-bit Intel 8086 or Intel 80x86 – 16 bit Bell Labs and Hewlett-Packard – First 32-bit microprocessor in 1981 32 4th and later generations (cont.) 486TM DX CPU (1989) – Introduce 8kB cache – 32-bit data bus Pentium Pro (1995) – 64-bit data bus Core i7 EE 990 (2011) – 1,170 million transistors / ULSI 33 4th and later generations (cont.) Intel 72-core Xeon Phi (2016) – 8,000,000,000 Apple A10X Bionic /ARM64 mobile SoC (2018) – 3,300,000,000 Nvidia Tegra Xavier SoC (2018) – 9,000,000,000 34 4th and later generations (cont.) Moore’s Law The transister density in a integrated circuit seems to be doubles about every two years. 35 FIFTH GENERATION ? 36 Yes, there is a fifth generation (cont.) 2010 - Present Superconductors Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Parallel processing, etc. Future → Nano technology, quantum computation,... 37 Evolution of Computer Systems MEMORY 38 Evolution of Memory A core – Tiny rings of ferromagnetic materials – Diameter is about 1/16” – Used in 1950s and 1960s. Semiconductor memory – Produced by Fairchild in 1970 – 1 / 70×109 s reading time for a bit 39 Evolution of memory (cont.) Has passed 13 generations – 1K, 4K, 16K, …, , 256M, 1G, 4G 1K = 210 1M = 210 × 1K = 210 × 210 = 220 1G = 210 × 1M = 230 – Has increased by 4 times in each generation 40 Multicore, MIC, and GPU Multicore – Use of multiple cores in single chip – Share large cache memory – Introduce 2 and 3 levels or cache memory MIC – Many Integrated Core – Multiple cores inside a single chip 41 Multicore, MIC, and GPU (cont.) GPU – Graphics Processing Unit – Specialized in processing graphic data – Parallel processing – Other than the graphics processing Vector processing Simulation 42 Embedded systems 43 Embedded systems (cont.) Features of embedded system – Perform specific task – Have fixed functions – Use computer hardware and software – Mechanical/others parts (optional) 44 Embedded systems (cont.) Reduced Instruction Set Computers (____) 45 Embedded systems (cont.) Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) developed first commercial RISC processor. 46 Embedded systems (cont.) Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) developed first commercial RISC processor. ARM series – New architecture – ARM1 was operational in 1985 – ARM microprocessor family ARM1 to ARM11, Cortex, XScale. 47 Embedded systems (cont.) Applications – Automotive – Consumer electronics – Medical – Office automation 48 Summary Evolution of – computer system – Processors – Memory Multicore, MIC, and GPU Embedded system 49