Mid-Fucking Terms PDF

MODULE 1 Key Concepts Computer: A programmable device that processes data into information. Communications Technology: Systems that allow communication over distances (e.g., telecommunications). Technology in Various Fields: Science & Health: Advances like cancer detection u...

MODULE 1 Key Concepts Computer: A programmable device that processes data into information. Communications Technology: Systems that allow communication over distances (e.g., telecommunications). Technology in Various Fields: Science & Health: Advances like cancer detection using immunobead labeling and COVID-19 detection through neural networks. Business: How technology modernizes business operations. Education: Technology as a tool for transforming learning. Entertainment: Impact on creative industries. Environment: Technology’s role in addressing environmental concerns. Government: Use of technology in governance and public services. Personal and Career Development: The importance of computer literacy in enhancing career opportunities. Technology’s role in everyday life (e.g., collaborative consumption). Module 2: An Overview of Ethics Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics 1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness. 6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. Module 3: Evolution of Computing The term “computer” is derived from “compute”, meaning to calculate. Early Devices 1. Abacus: The first mechanical device for performing arithmetic calculations. 2. Pascaline: Invented by Louis Pascal in 1642, the first mechanical calculator. Key Figures in Computing Charles Babbage: Known as the “Father of the Computer,” he designed the Analytical Engine in 1833. Herman Hollerith: Invented the Tabulating Machine, which could read and process data. Important Early Computers ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Designed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.  UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer): Also designed by Mauchly and Eckert, a commercial computer. Generations of Computers: First Generation (1940–1956): Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Large and expensive. Second Generation (1956–1963): Used transistors, which generated less heat than vacuum tubes. Third Generation (1964–1971): Introduced Integrated Circuits (ICs). Examples include IBM 1130 and UNIVAC 1107. Fourth Generation (1971–present): Used microprocessors (single-chip CPUs). Introduced the mouse, joystick, and networking technologies. Fifth Generation (1980s and beyond): Focuses on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Comparison of the Generations: First Generation: Large, room-sized machines, slow processing, used machine language (binary code). Second Generation: Smaller, more reliable, used batch processing, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. Third Generation: Compact, used multiprogramming and multitasking. Fourth Generation: Miniaturized, networked computers with operating systems and Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Fifth Generation: Incorporates AI, with no specific set of characteristics defining the machines. Key Components of a Computer System (MODULE 4) Definition and Core Functions: A computer is defined as a data processing device that performs four main functions: Input, Processing, Output, and Storage. All data stored and transferred to/from a computer is done through a series of electrical signals, representing binary values (0 or 1). Binary System and Data Representation: The binary system is a base-2 number system where each bit is either 0 or 1. These bits form the foundation of data processing. Bits and Bytes: A byte, which consists of 8 bits, is used to represent characters, numbers, or symbols. Types of Computers Portable vs. Stationary Computers: Computers are categorized into portable (smartphones, tablets, laptops) and stationary (desktops) Cellphones: Cellphones have the same fundamental components as a computer, including a processor, memory, and input/output devices. They run their own operating system and application software. Tablets: Tablets have features similar to smartphones, including operating systems (iOS, Android, Windows), touch-screen interfaces, and long battery life. Laptops: A laptop is a portable computer with a built-in keyboard and monitor. Variations like 2-in-1 PCs, Ultrabooks, and Chromebooks are also covered. 2-in-1 PCs can be converted into tablet-like devices with detachable or foldable keyboards. Ultrabooks are slim, lightweight laptops with high-end specifications, typically lacking optical drives and using USB-C for connectivity. Chromebooks use the Google Chrome OS and primarily rely on cloud storage. Stationary Computers Advantages of Desktops: Desktops are easier to upgrade and typically support larger screens, making them more practical for certain work environments. Input Devices Input devices like keyboards, mouse, and touchpads are introduced as essential tools for interacting with the computer. Output Devices: Devices like monitors, printers, and speakers send processed data from the computer to the user. Display screen: This include various screen types, including LCD, LED, and OLED. Printers: Inkjet and laser printers are discussed as popular options for printing, and 3D printers are highlighted for their ability to create three-dimensional objects. Core Components Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board housing the CPU, RAM, and expansion slots for additional components. Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile and stores data temporarily during processing.(nawawala ang mga contents pag na power off) Read-Only Memory (ROM) stores permanent instructions needed to boot up the computer. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing commands. Its performance is measured in hertz (Hz) and influenced by factors like the number of cores. Local Storage Devices: Hard drives are the primary storage devices, with options like internal and external drives. Solid- State Drives (SSDs), which have no moving parts, are known for their speed and reliability. Portable Storage: Devices like flash drives, external hard drives, and Micro SD cards provide portable storage solutions. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage services, such as Google Drive, OneDrive, and Dropbox, allow users to store files on the internet, providing access from multiple devices. Connecting Peripherals: Peripheral devices such as keyboards, printers, and external hard drives connect to computers through USB or Thunderbolt ports. Other Components on the Motherboard Some motherboards, especially those in mobile devices, also include a GPS receiver, allowing location services through satellite signals. Processor Performance and Speed CPU Performance: CPU performance is influenced by the number of cores the processor has. More cores allow for the simultaneous processing of multiple instructions. Processor Speed: Modern processors run at speeds in gigahertz (GHz), allowing billions of cycles per second. This is critical for performance, but the number of cores and efficiency of each core also matter. Storing Data and Information Hard Drives: The hard disk drive (HDD) is the most common storage device. It contains spinning platters and a moving arm, making it susceptible to failure over time. Solid-State Drives (SSDs): SSDs are more durable than HDDs because they have no moving parts, making them faster, quieter, and more power-efficient. Drive Bays: Computers come with internal and external drive bays, used for holding internal hard drives or additional drives like DVD or Blu-ray drives. Portable Storage Options Common portable storage devices include flash drives and external hard drives. Micro SD cards are also widely used in mobile devices for extra storage. Cloud Storage Cloud storage offers users the ability to store files remotely on the internet and access them from any device connected to the internet. This is especially useful for file-sharing and collaboration. Popular cloud services include Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive. Connectivity Ports Ports: A wide variety of connectivity ports exist on modern computers: Thunderbolt ports allow high-speed data transfer, especially useful for laptops. USB ports (including the newer USB-C standard) are the most common for connecting peripherals like keyboards, printers, and storage devices. HDMI ports allow for high-definition video and audio output to monitors and TVs. System Software (MODULE 5) System Software is designed to run a computer’s hardware and application programs, acting as an interface between hardware and user applications. The Operating System (OS) is the primary example of system software. System Software includes two main types of programs: 1. Operating Systems 2. Utility Programs Operating System Functions The Operating System performs three primary functions: Managing hardware: This includes the processor, memory, storage devices, and peripherals like printers. Managing software: The OS allows application software to communicate with the CPU. Managing tasks: This includes task scheduling, coordination, and network resource management. Interaction with the OS Users interact with the OS via the User Interface (UI), which includes the desktop, icons, and menus. Types of Operating Systems Operating Systems for Personal Use: Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux for personal computers. Android and iOS are used in mobile devices. Chrome OS is a web-based OS. Operating Systems for Machinery and Networks: Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are used in embedded systems like pacemakers or car engines. Multiuser OS allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously, often found in networked environments. Operating System for Business and Networks The OS coordinates and directs the flow of data and information, acting as a manager for the system’s resources. The Processor Management function ensures efficient multitasking by allocating processor time to different tasks. Memory Management ensures that each process gets enough memory to run, balancing between different types of memory (cache, main memory, disk storage). Device Management controls peripherals using drivers that translate signals between the OS and hardware. User Interface Types Command-driven interface: Users type commands to communicate with the OS. Menu-driven interface: Users choose commands from menus. Graphical User Interface (GUI): Users interact with the system using graphics and a pointer, making it more user-friendly. Additional OS Responsibilities Event Handling: OS manages events using an interrupt handler.  Preemptive Multitasking: OS prioritizes tasks and manages CPU resources to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. Memory and Storage Management: When RAM is insufficient, the OS uses virtual memory by borrowing space from the hard drive (swap file). Application Programming Interface (API): APIs allow software applications to interact with the OS and hardware. Boot Process The boot process is the sequence of steps a computer follows to start up: 1. Activating BIOS: BIOS manages the exchange of data between the OS and peripherals and loads the OS into RAM. 2. Power-On Self-Test (POST): Ensures peripherals are connected and operational. 3. Loading the OS: System files are loaded into RAM, followed by the kernel, the core component of the OS. 4. Configuring Settings: The OS checks for custom settings stored in the registry. Windows Interface Desktop: The primary working area in Windows. Taskbar: Shows open and favorite applications for easy access. Start Menu: Provides access to all installed applications and settings. File Management Files and Folders: Files are collections of data treated as single units, and folders are collections of files. File Path: The file path specifies the location of files in a hierarchical directory. Windows uses a backslash (\). Linux uses a forward slash (/). macOS uses a colon (:). File Compression Utility: Compresses large files to make them easier to store and share. Windows Administrative Utilities 1. System Performance Utilities: Tools like Disk Cleanup, Task Manager, and Disk Defragmenter help maintain system performance. 2. Backup Utilities: Tools like File History and System Restore help recover files and system settings. 3. Accessibility Utilities: Assistive technologies designed for users with special needs. Introduction to Input and Output Hardware Input Hardware: Devices that translate data (words, numbers, sounds, pictures) into binary (0s and 1s) that a computer can process.  Output Hardware: Devices that translate the processed information from the computer back into a form humans can understand (e.g., text, sound, images). Input Hardware Keyboards Function: Converts letters, numbers, and characters into electrical signals that a computer can understand. Types: Wired: Connected via USB or serial ports. Wireless: Uses IR, Radio Frequency (RF), or Bluetooth. How it works: Pressing a key interrupts the electrical flow, which the processor translates into characters via a character map stored in the keyboard’s ROM. Pointing Devices Mouse: Principal pointing device, available in mechanical (ball-based) or optical versions (laser- based). Controls the cursor on the screen. Trackball: A stationary device with a movable ball for controlling the cursor, often used where space is limited. Touchpad: A small flat surface used to control the cursor by sliding a finger. Common in laptops. Touchscreens: A display screen that is sensitive to touch input. Found in ATMs, smartphones, tablets, etc. Pen Input: Uses a stylus or pen-like tool to write on the screen or tablet, translating handwriting into data. Source Data-Entry Devices Scanners: Devices that translate text, images, and documents into digital format. Scanning resolutions are measured in dots per inch (dpi). Bar-Code Readers: Optical scanners that read bar codes and translate them into digital code for processing. RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification): Uses microchips to store information that can be read via radio waves. Common in tracking items and inventory. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): Reads marks made on paper (e.g., standardized tests). Image and Audio Input Digital Cameras: Capture photographic images in digital form. Webcams: Video cameras connected to a computer that can record and broadcast live images. Audio Input: Microphones convert sound into digital data, often through a sound card or MIDI board. Speech Recognition: Systems that convert spoken language into digital signals for further processing. Often used in hands-free environments or for accessibility. Sensors and Biometric Devices Sensors: Input devices that collect environmental data (e.g., temperature, pressure) and send it to the computer for processing. Biometric Devices: Use physical characteristics like fingerprints, facial recognition, or voice to identify individuals. The Future of Input Advancements: Expect more source data-entry devices, better speech recognition, improved biometric systems, and even brainwave input devices. Output Hardware Softcopy Output Display Screens: Shows digital output in the form of text, images, or video. Screen Clarity: Measured by resolution (dpi) and dot pitch (dp), with higher values indicating better clarity. Types of Displays: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Common in monitors and smartphones. Plasma Displays: Utilize gas-filled cells to produce light. Multiple Screens: Allow users to work with several documents or applications simultaneously. Hardcopy Output Printers: Laser Printers: Use laser beams to print high-quality text and images. Popular for high-volume printing. Inkjet Printers: Use small jets to spray ink onto paper, offering high-quality printouts. Multifunction Printers: Combine printing, scanning, copying, and faxing capabilities. Plotters: Specialized output devices that print large-scale graphics, often used by engineers and architects. Mixed Output Sound Output: Requires a sound card to play back digitized sounds. Voice Output: Converts digital data into speech, commonly used in GPS systems or assistive technologies. Video Output: Display of photographic images or motion pictures; requires significant processing power and storage. The Future of Output Improvements: Expect more advanced display screens, better video quality, and increased use of 3D output technologies. Ergonomics: Ensuring that workplace conditions and equipment (e.g., keyboard, monitor) are designed to prevent strain and injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome.