2021 A Level Sociology Knowledge Organiser PDF

A Level Sociology Knowledge Organiser Globalisation and Demography (family)...

A Level Sociology Knowledge Organiser Globalisation and Demography (family) migration Immigration: Movement into a Changes in death rates country Changes in birth/fertility rates Emigration: Movement out of a country Birth rate has fallen (11.1 in 2018 – lowest since records began Death rates have decreased (9.2 in 2017, 19 in 1900) Trends Net migration: The difference in Trends Total fertility rate has fallen (1.8 in 2018 vs. 2.95 in 1694) numbers immigrating and emigrating More women are remaining childless Push factors: conflict, famine, poor Women are having children later (average age is 30) Medical improvements (NHS in 1948, screening weather, poor healthcare Changes in the position of women (education, employment) services, a decline in infectious diseases - vaccination) Pull factors: peace, good weather, free Reasons Improved diet/nutrition (better knowledge, availability Reasons Decline in the infant mortality rate health care, education opportunities Increasing financial cost of children (consumerism, education) of healthy foods, public health campaigns) Increase in child-centredness Improved public health/ sanitation Increase in effectiveness/availability of contraception Decline in dangerous jobs Globalisation - Growing Family - Smaller family size, more childless families, freedom Changes in lifestyle / higher standards of living interconnectedness of the world. Effects on migration: Effects for women Increase in life expectancy Effects Society – Increase in dependency ratio, ageing population, less Ageing population  Increase in net migration demand for children’s services  Increase in diversity of migrants  Increase in female migrants  Non-permanent migration patterns Changes in family size Changes in life expectancy Family sizes have decreased (1.8 children on average) Life expectancy has increased (79 for men, 83 for Family structures Effects Reasons Trends Afro Caribbean – increased lone Trends 45% of families have only 1 child (42% in 2015) women) Nuclear more common than extended parent (type), increased Medical improvements matriarchal (roles) Lone-parent increasing Fewer children – position of women, financial cost, child- Lifestyle changes / standards of living Bangladeshi/Indian – larger Reasons centredness, contraception Improving geriatric care family sizes (size), increased Nuclear – privatised, isolated, industrialisation Ageing population extended (type), traditional roles Effects on family life Lone parent – divorce, changing attitudes Increase in dependency ratio (roles) Household structures An ageing population Eastern Europeans – more one person households, more houses of multiple occupancy The effects on family structures Positive effects Negative effects Multigenerational extended families / Supporting dual worker families/providing Struggle to meet cost demands (Griffiths Hybrid families/multi-ethnic (9% beanpole families childcare (40% provide regular childcare) due report), burden on NHS in 2011) Increase in one person households to greater health, positive effects for elderly Increased dependency ratio – older Changing age structure – increase Women adopt expressive role Volunteerism – benefits society, 1/3 volunteer retirement age in younger migrants (sandwich generation/pivot Positive ageing/grey consumerism – increased Increase in taxes for working age Decrease in dependency ratio generation) – take on burden of retirement period, spending power (benefits Increased burden on women – beanpole Increase in distant love/world caring for older/younger relatives the economy) families/sandwich generation families