A Level Sociology: Globalisation, Demography and Migration

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Questions and Answers

What has been the trend in birth rates in the UK since records began?

The birth rate has fallen (11.1 in 2018 – lowest since records began)

What has been the trend in death rates in the UK since 1900?

Death rates have decreased (9.2 in 2017, 19 in 1900)

What is the term for the movement of people into a country?

Immigration

What is the term for the movement of people out of a country?

<p>Emigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the difference in numbers of people immigrating and emigrating?

<p>Net migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in the total fertility rate in the UK?

<p>The total fertility rate has fallen (1.8 in 2018 vs. 2.95 in 1694)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age of women having children in the UK?

<p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a push factor that contributes to migration?

<p>Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pull factor that contributes to migration?

<p>Peace</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average number of children per family, and how has this number changed since 2015?

<p>The average number of children per family is 1.8, and this number has decreased since 2015 when it was 42%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a medical improvement that has contributed to a decline in death rates?

<p>NHS in 1948, screening services</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an ageing population on the healthcare system?

<p>An ageing population puts a burden on the NHS and increases the dependency ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of increased life expectancy on the economy?

<p>Increased life expectancy leads to a longer retirement period, resulting in increased spending power and benefits to the economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of women in families changed?

<p>Women have taken on a more expressive role, adopting the 'sandwich generation' role of caring for both older and younger relatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of migration on family structures?

<p>Migration has led to an increase in diverse family structures, including hybrid families and multigenerational households.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of an ageing population on family life?

<p>An ageing population leads to increased dependency on younger family members, resulting in changes to household structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of changing attitudes towards childcare on family structures?

<p>Changing attitudes towards childcare have led to an increase in lone-parent families and a decrease in extended family structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of older people in society changed?

<p>Older people are increasingly involved in volunteerism, which benefits society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of increased life expectancy on the workforce?

<p>Increased life expectancy leads to an increase in retirement age, resulting in a longer working life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an ageing population on the dependency ratio?

<p>An ageing population increases the dependency ratio, leading to a higher burden on the working-age population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of increased life expectancy on family structures?

<p>Increase in one person households, multigenerational extended families/beanpole families, hybrid families/multi-ethnic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some positive effects of ageing population on the economy?

<p>Increased retirement period, spending power of the elderly benefits the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of changing attitudes towards childcare on family structures?

<p>Decrease in family size, increase in lone parent families, increase in dual worker families</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an ageing population on the dependency ratio?

<p>Increase in dependency ratio, as the number of elderly increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of increased life expectancy on the healthcare system?

<p>Increased burden on NHS, struggle to meet cost demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of women in families changed?

<p>Women adopt expressive role, taking on burden of caring for older/younger relatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of migration on family structures?

<p>Increase in diverse family structures, such as Afro-Caribbean lone parent families and Bangladeshi/Indian extended families</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of ageing population on family life?

<p>Increase in nuclear families, increase in one person households</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased life expectancy on the workforce?

<p>Increase in older workers, increased burden on women – beanpole families/sandwich generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of older people in society changed?

<p>Increased volunteerism, benefits society, increased spending power</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of a decline in infant mortality rates on family structures?

<p>A decline in infant mortality rates means that more children are surviving to adulthood, potentially leading to larger families and changing family dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the increasing financial cost of children contribute to changing fertility rates?

<p>The increasing financial cost of children may lead to fewer children being born, as parents may not be able to afford to support a larger family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between women's education and employment, and fertility rates?

<p>As women's education and employment opportunities increase, fertility rates tend to decrease, as women may delay or forgo having children to pursue their careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the introduction of the NHS in 1948 contributed to changes in death rates?

<p>The introduction of the NHS in 1948 led to improved healthcare and access to medical services, contributing to a decline in death rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of globalization on migration patterns?

<p>Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness, facilitating the movement of people across countries and contributing to changes in migration patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the decline in the infant mortality rate contribute to changes in population demographics?

<p>The decline in infant mortality rates means that more children are surviving to adulthood, contributing to an increase in population size and changes in population demographics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between changes in lifestyle and fertility rates?

<p>Changes in lifestyle, such as increased consumerism and child-centredness, may lead to decreased fertility rates, as parents may prioritize other aspects of their lives over having children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the increase in effectiveness and availability of contraception contributed to changes in fertility rates?

<p>The increase in effectiveness and availability of contraception has given individuals more control over their reproductive choices, leading to decreased fertility rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of changes in death rates on population demographics?

<p>Changes in death rates, such as a decline in death rates, can lead to an increase in population size and changes in population demographics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the decline in infectious diseases contribute to changes in death rates?

<p>The decline in infectious diseases, such as through vaccination and improved public health services, has contributed to a decline in death rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

  • Birth rate has fallen to 11.1 in 2018, the lowest since records began
  • Total fertility rate has fallen to 1.8 in 2018, down from 2.95 in 1694
  • More women are remaining childless, and women are having children later, with an average age of 30
  • Decline in infant mortality rate
  • Increasing financial cost of children
  • Increase in child-centredness
  • Increase in effectiveness and availability of contraception
  • Changes in the position of women, including education and employment
  • Medical improvements, including the NHS in 1948, screening services, and vaccination
  • Improved diet and nutrition, public health campaigns, and better knowledge of healthy foods
  • Society: increase in dependency ratio, ageing population, and less demand for children's services
  • Family: smaller family size, more childless families, and freedom for women
  • Increase in one-person households, and multigenerational extended families/beanpole families
  • Hybrid families/multi-ethnic families (9% in 2011)
  • Changing age structure, with an increase in younger migrants
  • Decrease in dependency ratio

Globalisation and Migration

  • Globalisation: growing interconnectedness of the world, leading to increased migration
  • Effects on migration: increase in net migration, diversity of migrants, female migrants, and non-permanent migration patterns
  • Push factors: conflict, famine, poor weather, and poor healthcare
  • Pull factors: peace, good weather, and free education opportunities

Family Structures

  • Nuclear families are more common than extended families
  • Lone-parent families are increasing, with 45% of families having only one child
  • Afro Caribbean families: increased lone parents, matriarchal roles
  • Bangladeshi/Indian families: larger family sizes, traditional roles
  • Eastern European families: more one-person households, more houses of multiple occupancy
  • Birth rate has fallen to 11.1 in 2018, the lowest since records began
  • Total fertility rate has fallen to 1.8 in 2018, down from 2.95 in 1694
  • More women are remaining childless, and women are having children later, with an average age of 30
  • Decline in infant mortality rate
  • Increasing financial cost of children
  • Increase in child-centredness
  • Increase in effectiveness and availability of contraception
  • Changes in the position of women, including education and employment
  • Medical improvements, including the NHS in 1948, screening services, and vaccination
  • Improved diet and nutrition, public health campaigns, and better knowledge of healthy foods
  • Society: increase in dependency ratio, ageing population, and less demand for children's services
  • Family: smaller family size, more childless families, and freedom for women
  • Increase in one-person households, and multigenerational extended families/beanpole families
  • Hybrid families/multi-ethnic families (9% in 2011)
  • Changing age structure, with an increase in younger migrants
  • Decrease in dependency ratio

Globalisation and Migration

  • Globalisation: growing interconnectedness of the world, leading to increased migration
  • Effects on migration: increase in net migration, diversity of migrants, female migrants, and non-permanent migration patterns
  • Push factors: conflict, famine, poor weather, and poor healthcare
  • Pull factors: peace, good weather, and free education opportunities

Family Structures

  • Nuclear families are more common than extended families
  • Lone-parent families are increasing, with 45% of families having only one child
  • Afro Caribbean families: increased lone parents, matriarchal roles
  • Bangladeshi/Indian families: larger family sizes, traditional roles
  • Eastern European families: more one-person households, more houses of multiple occupancy

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