Basic Tissues of the Body & Body Organisation PDF

Basic tissues of the body and body organisation Unit: AGEP Foundation Unit code: VETS10018 Dr Hafsa Zaneb Senior Lecturer in Clinical Anatomy [email protected] Learning outcomes Name the four main tissue types of the body and the overall function and structure of each. Explain the dif...

Basic tissues of the body and body organisation Unit: AGEP Foundation Unit code: VETS10018 Dr Hafsa Zaneb Senior Lecturer in Clinical Anatomy [email protected] Learning outcomes Name the four main tissue types of the body and the overall function and structure of each. Explain the difference between tissues, organs and systems. List the main body systems and the organs associated with each system. State the functions of each body system and understand that body systems are inter-related and work together to perform functions for the animal body. Four basic tissue types Nervous Epithelial tissue tissue Conveys nerve Protects the body, impulses around can also be the body, and secretory and coordinates Basic tissues absorbent responses Muscle tissue Connective Provides tissue movement Binds the tissues together Connective tissue What is it connective tissue/supporting tissue? Tissues which support and hold all the organs and tissues of the body in place. Provide the structural scaffolding of a tissue. Examples: Loose connective tissue between organs Dense connective tissue of the skin Capsules around organs such as the liver or spleen Ligaments and tendons Bones, cartilage Blood Functions: Fibroblasts in collagenous tissue. Young et al Structural framework (2014) Wheater’s Functional Histology. 6th edition Fat storage Mechanical strength Space filling Physical and metabolic support - i.e. carrying nutrients to tissues and waste products away  What is connective tissue/supporting tissue made of? Cells – fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Combined known as Fibres – collagen (tensile strength) and elastin (elasticity). extracellular matrix Ground substance – glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates. Composition of the extracellular The main types of connective tissue are: matrix determines the physical properties of the connective Blood tissue and thus the density. Haematopoietic tissue Increasing density Loose connective tissue (aka areolar tissue) Adipose (Fat) tissue Dense connective tissue (aka fibrous connective tissue) Cartilage Bone  What is connective tissue/supporting tissue made of? The cells of connective tissue function to produce, maintain, and recycle the extracellular matrix. Connective tissue cells are derived from mesenchyme. Young et al (2014) Wheater’s Functional Histology. 6th edition Epithelial tissue  Mucous membrane (aka mucosa) = What is epithelial tissue? epithelia lining body cavities Epithelial tissue (or epithelium) covers the body particularly the organs, cavities and tubes within it. Epithelia are a diverse group of tissues Examples: Functions: Skin Protection by forming a barrier. Serous membranes (mesothelium) Regulation of molecule Lining of upper respiratory tract exchange between Lining of gastrointestinal tract compartments (selective Lining of the heart, blood vessels, and diffusion and absorption). lymph vessels (endothelium) Synthesis and secretion of glandular products.  What is epithelial tissue made of? Epithelium is made up of cells, a basement membrane, and junctions between adjacent cells. Simple Epithelia are classified according to: columnar 1. Number of cell layers epithelium 2. Shape of the cells that face the free/apical surface 3. Special features e.g. cilia, goblet cells, Young et al (2014) Wheater’s Functional Histology. microvilli, stereocilia, keratinisation. 6th edition  Epithelial tissue - classification Classification of epithelia Number Simple Stratified of (one layer) (multiple layers) Cell layers Surfac Squamo Cuboida Column Squamo Cuboida Column Transitional e us l ar us l ar unique cell width width Height width width Height to exceeds equals exceeds exceeds equals exceeds urinary tract shape height height width height height width Functio 1. Frictionle 1. Secretion 1. Absorption 1. Protecti 1. Absorpti 1. Protectio 1. Protectio n 2. Secretion on n n ss 2. Absorptio on surface n 3. Protection 2. Secretio 2. Absorptio 2. Distensib 2. Fluid & 3. Protection 4. Transportatio n n le gas 4. Conduit n 3. Conduit 3. Secretion exchang 5. Conduit 4. Conduit e Examp Serous Convoluted Small intestine Lining oral Lining ducts Lining large Urinary le membrane tubule of Large intestine cavity of sweat ducts of tract kidney Cornea glands glands  Epithelial tissue – schematic diagram Case: cilia and poorly performing horse Bacha & Bacha (2012) Color Atlas of Veterinary  See if you can identify all the different types of Glandular epithelia exocrine glands, start at page 95 of Wheater’s 6th edition Epithelium that is primarily involved in secretion is often arranged into structures called glands. Glands are formed by invaginations of epithelial surfaces. Glands can be divided into two categories: Exocrine – secretion is through a system of ducts, e.g. salivary gland. Endocrine – secretion is released directly into the blood stream, e.g. thyroid gland. O’Dowd G, Bell S, Wright S. Wheater’s Functional Histology : A Text and Colour Atlas. Seventh Fig. 5.22Simple branched Muscle tissue  What is muscle tissue? Composed of specialised contractile cells arranged into units (multicellular contractile units) known as muscles. Within each specialised contractile cell, the proteins actin and myosin interact to generate movement. Examples: Thigh muscle (skeletal Small intestine (smooth Heart (cardiac muscle) muscle) muscle)  Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Function/ Movement of skeleton Continuous contraction Provides continuous responsibi and some organs e.g. under low force of rhythmic contractility of the lity the eye involuntary areas of the heart. Only found in heart. body e.g. intestine Contractil Highly arranged giving Criss-cross around cell Arranged giving striated e proteins striated appearance membrane appearance however… see below Cell shape Long, elongated Long and spindle shaped Similar to skeletal but multinucleated cell. Can (cigar shaped) display irregular branching, be up to 1m!! muscle cells are linked end to end by intercalated discs Control Voluntary (conscious), Inherent contractility (do Inherent contractility under animal decides their own thing) under involuntary modulation by involuntary autonomic, autonomic nervous system hormonal, and metabolite modulation Contractio Sliding filament Shorten and broaden on Sliding filament mechanism What is muscle tissue? There are also some single-cell contractile units: Pericytes Surround blood vessels Myoepithelial Can be mesenchymal cells stem cells Myofibroblasts Fig. 9.11Postcapillary VenuleFibroblasts specialised for Surround gland acini, tissue repair with contractile Fig. 5.16squeeze Myoepithelial secretions Cells. ability as well as collagen production. Fig 5.15Myofibroblastic Cells. Stevens & Lowe's Human Histology, Sixth Edition Nervous tissue  What is nervous tissue? N.B a nerve contains a collection of neurons The main cell of nervous tissue is the neuron. The neuron functions to provide rapid and precise communication between different parts of the body. To be able to do this function the neuron must be able to receive electrical information from a distance and to send electrical information to a distance. Thus, the neuron is structured to perform this function.  What is nervous tissue? Synapses from neighbouring neurons Dendrons - Carry Nucleus information towards cell body Axon hillock Cytoplasm (Perikaryon) Axon - Carry Node of Ranvier information away Schwann cell Young et al (2014) Wheater’s Terminal boutons Functional Histology. 6th edition What is nervous tissue? Neurons can have different shapes: Young et al (2014) Wheater’s Functional Histology. 6th edition Learning outcomes Name the four main tissue types of the body and the overall function and structure of each. Explain the difference between tissues, organs and systems. List the main body systems and the organs associated with each system. State the functions of each body system and understand that body systems are inter-related and work together to perform functions for the animal body. Tissues, organs, and systems - What’s the difference? A tissue Is a collection of specialised cells and their products in which one type of cell predominates, e.g. epithelial, connective, muscle. An organ Is a collection of tissues which form a structure within an animal, e.g. kidney, liver, lungs. A system Is a collection of organs and tissues which are related in function, e.g. respiratory system, gastrointestinal system.  Tissues, organs, and systems Differentiat Organ Organ system Organis Tissue ed cell (kidne (urinary m s types y) system) Muscle tissue cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Connective tissue cell http://mrsmorrittscience.weebly.com/8-tissues-organs-systems-wk1-t4.html Learning outcomes Name the four main tissue types of the body and the overall function and structure of each. Explain the difference between tissues, organs and systems. List the main body systems and the organs associated with each system. State the functions of each body system and understand that body systems are inter-related and work together to perform functions for the animal body.  Body systems https://www.thoughtco.com/organ-systems-373571 Cardiorespiratory system Consists of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Both systems can be thought of together, and known collectively as the cardiorespiratory system, because of the close connection of the two systems during delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Clinically, it is also good to think of the two systems as related such as failure of the heart to adequately pump blood can result in fluid accumulation in the lungs.  Cardiorespiratory system Veins = away from an organ. Arteries = to an organ. - schematic to explain relationship Lungs 4. The right side of the heart then ejects the blood into the pulmonary artery 1. Oxygenated blood from (going to lungs) to be re- the lungs goes to left side oxygenated. The process of the heart (left atrium). then starts again. 3. The organs then use the oxygen and the veins drain 2. The oxygenated blood is the deoxygenated blood then ejected from the left back to the right side of the side of the heart (left heart. ventricle) through the aorta (an artery) to supply the Heart organs of the body. Capillary bed – exchange of nutrien  Respiratory system c.f radiographic lung pattern organs/structures Trachea Alveoli - Gas exchange - Open conducting tube Larynx - Cartilaginous rings - Regulates air flow - Produces voice Bronchial tree Pharynx - Open conducting tubes Passage way for air and food - Mucociliary escalator Paranasal sinuses Bronchiol e Nasal cavity - Turbinate bones Lungs Oral cavity https://www.britannica.com/science/human- respiratory-system/media/1/499530/153044 Respiratory system functions Functions of the respiratory system: To conduct oxygen rich inspired air along the respiratory passages to the alveoli of the lung. To allow gaseous exchange to take place (i.e. the exchange of oxygen into the blood for carbon dioxide into the airways). To conduct the expired air containing carbon dioxide out of the body. Olfaction (smelling!). Speech/noise production. Temperature regulation. Cardiovascular system organs/structures The main organs of the cardiovascular system Heart are: Heart Blood – fluid connective tissue! Vessels Arteries Veins Artery Capillaries Vein Capillary Hepatic portal system Cardiovascular system functions The circulatory system is divided into: Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary circulation Functions of cardiovascular system: Transports to tissues and organs oxygen, nutritive substances, immune substances, hormones, and chemicals necessary for normal functions. Carries away waste products and carbon dioxide. Regulates blood pressure and supply of blood to tissues. Helps regulate body temperature. Dyce et al (2010) Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. 4th Edition. Lymphatic system Closely related to cardiovascular system. Main organs/components of lymphatic system: Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils) Lymphocytes (cells) Functions of lymphatic system: Drainage of tissue fluid Absorption and transport of fat Defence Dyce et al (2010) Textbook pf Veterinary Anatomy 4th Edition.  Other ancillary organs involved in Endocrine system endocrine system: Brain, liver, thymus, heart, kidney and GIT The main organs/components of the endocrine system: Adrenal glands - Close to kidneys. Kidneys Pituitary gland - Produce mineralocorticoids, - Appendage of Produce erythropoietin glucocorticoids & sex brain steroids. Ovaries - Produces STH, Produce oestrogen FSH, LH, ACTH, and progesterone. TSH, prolactin Parathyroid glands Testes - Usually 4 Produce oestrogen glands and testosterone. - Regulate Thyroid calcium glands Pancreas - Located metabolism. over Secretes and produces trachea the hormones glucagon, - Produce T4 & T3 insulin and somatostatin. Endocrine system Th endocrine glands (or ductless glands) secrete hormones into the blood, lymph or tissue fluid to the target organ(s). Functions of the endocrine system: Homeostasis Growth and maturation Reproduction Adaption to stress and infection Behaviour  Reproductive system The main organs of the female reproductive system: Functions of female reproductive system: To produce ova To the hormones oestrogen and progesterone To prepare the reproductive tract for copulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, and parturition. Fig 19.11 Sjaastad et al. Physilogy of domestic animals. 2016. 3rd ed  Reproductive system The main organs of the male reproductive system: Functions of male reproductive Accessor system: y sex To produce spermatozoa by glands spermatogenesis (prostate To produce seminal fluid ) Deferent duct (i.e. fluid to transport the sperm) To secrete the hormone Penis testosterone Epididymis Testis Sagittal section through male bovine pelvic cavity  Urinary system The main organs of the urinary system: Functions of the urinary system: Kidne To regulate the chemical ys composition and volume of the body fluids. To remove nitrogenous waste products and excess water Ureters from the body. To act as an endocrine gland Urethra by the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin. Urinary Ventral view of female canine bladder abdomen  Gastrointestinal system Layout of GIT and associated structures inside the body Gastrointestinal system Dyce et al (2010) Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy. th Gastrointestinal system GIT concerned with reception, mechanical reduction, chemical digestion, and absorption of food and drink. Functions/processes of the GIT: Ingest – process of taking food into the mouth (oral cavity). Digest – breaking down food into small chemical units (small intestine). Absorb – chemical units pass into blood and carried to liver (small intestine). Metabolise – chemical units are converted to energy to be used by all organs of the body (liver). Excrete – removal of any indigestible material.  Musculoskeletal (MSK) system The main organs of the MSK system: Functions: Protection. Support. Bones Mechanical basis for movement. Bone(s) Tendon(s) Allow growth. (muscle to bone) Allow movement in a range of - Joints planes. - Ligaments Joint(s) Support, strengthen, and limit range of motion of a joint. - Tendons Muscle(s) Convey muscular contraction to Ligament(s) (bone to bone) bones allowing movement. The term ligament is also used for serous membrane attachments and some embryological remnan  Nervous system The main organs of the nervous system: Brain Spinal cord Nerves (cranial nerves & spinal nerves) Saunders (2011) Veterinary colouring book. Saunders, Functions of the nervous system: Elsevier. Receive stimuli from the external and internal environment. To analyse and integrate these stimuli. To bring about the necessary response. To help regulate the internal environment. References Dyce, Sack, & Wensing (2010). Textbook of veterinary anatomy (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO.: Saunders/Elsevier. Young, O’Dowd, & Woodford (2014). Wheater’s functional histology: a text and colour atlas (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA.: Churchill Livingston/Elsevier. Aspinall & O’Reilly (2004). Introduction to veterinary anatomy and physiology (eds). Edinburgh, New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. This presentation is being used and altered with permission from Dr Julie Dickson